.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


I consider that listen to the other speakers




By the way after all

With treat Interest some of the estimates

To rely ob (the fossil fuels, oil, coal) world energy reserves

Look to the future new research

To spend money on conservation of present resources

New forms of power to be fairly optimistic

, , , , , . 158, , . !


UNIT 7 Prospecting and Exploration

. .

1.
().

2. (The Infinitive)
.

A. Prospecting.


. . .


. Exploration of Mineral Deposits.


. 3

(Crossword). . .

()

 

I
Driving a car is his hobby.
His hobby is driving a car.
(Continuous)   He is driving too fast.
He enjoys driving.
I don't like his plan of driving to the country. The man driving a car is our manager.
After driving almost the whole day he felt very tired. (When/While) driving a car one must be very attentive.

(The Infinitive)

, : to work , to drill , .



Unit 7


to. to .

:


 

  Active Passive
Indefinite (Simple) Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous to apply to be applying to have applied to been applying to be applied to hare been applied

(Infinitive Passive), . :

. , .

The engineer wants to help the workers. (Active)

The engineer wants to be helped. (Passive)





 


1. ( it)

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.


lean out of the window is dangerous, (: It is dangerous to lean out of the

window.)

We decided to wait for her.

Her wish to win was quite natural.

Is there much work to do/ to be done today?

I went to London to learn English.

He left home, never to be icen again.

I heard someone open

the door. I'd like you to find him a

job.

She is known to have a fine collection of paint-


() .

.

.

, ?

, .

, .

(), -

. () ,

.

, - .


Unit 7



1. :

[i] 'mineral, 'different, 'difference, 'fissure, dis'tinctive

[i:] 'region, need, seam, piece, re'lief, ga'lena

[o] 'quality, 'quantity, 'copper, rock, crop

[o:] call, ore, small, ex'plore, 'forecast

[ae] ex'tract, sand, 'gravel, 'valuable, map, lo'cality

[] 'country, such, e'nough, 'lustre, 'lustrous, oc'currence

[ei] stage, 'data, 'nature, grey, 'mainly, ex'plain, a'vailable

[ou] float, stone, gold, ex'pose, 'opening

2. 1-2 ,
.


aerial ['serial] ;

certain [*sa:tn] ; ; certainly adv

cost [kost] (cost) v ; ;

crop [] v (out) (), ( , ); syn expose; ,

dredging ['dredsHj] ;

drill [drtl] v , ; , ; ; drilling , ; core-drilling ()

drive [diaiv] (drore [drouv], driven ['dnvn]) v ( ); ; (); ; ;

evidence ['evid(a)ns] ; ();

expect [Iks'pekt] v ; ; ;

explore [tics'plo:] v ; exploratory ; exploration ;


galena ['11:] ,

indicate ['mdikeit] v , ; ;

lead [led]

look for ['luk :] v

open up ['oupn '] v (); ( , ); opening ; ;

panning ['penirj] ( )

processing ['prousesuj] ; - industry

prove [pru:v] v ( ); ; , ; proved , ; proving ,

search [sa:tj] v ; (for) (); ; syn prospecting

sign [sain] , ; ,

store [sto:] v , ( )



Unit 7


, ( ); ; working ,

work [wa:k] v ; , (, ); ; workable ,

country rock () distinctive properties malleable ['mseliabl] metal


.

3. , :

explore

indicate

prospect

survey

differ

occur

lustre

scientist

consider

investigate


explorer

indicator

prospector

surveyor

different

occurrence

lustrous

scientific

considerable

investigator


exploration

indication

prospecting

surveying

difference

occurring

science

consideration

investigation


4. . :


aerial survey

ground methods of prospecting

visible evidence of mineral deposits

search for valuable minerals

exploratory workings

mode of occurrence

a preliminary estimation of the deposit

lustrous coal

to touch upon a problem

to solve a problem


geological exploration

accurate data

exploration equipment

certain ore deposits

a particular type of ground

gold dredging

space research

to crop out at the surface

to cope with a problem

to deal with a problem


5.
. :

the problems of searching for economically useful mineral deposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography

6. . ,
.


Unit 7______________________________________________ 167

Prospecting

Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.

As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.

Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. -Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.

As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.

The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not.

Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.

General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed


168______________________________________________ Unit 7

during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected.

Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.

At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:

1. Surface geological and mineralogical prospecting such as panning.

2. Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.

3. Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to
be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides,
successful development of space research has made it possible to
explore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.

In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.

, . .

1. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is
called proving.

2. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of min
eral deposits.

3. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.

4. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of
ore deposits.

5. As a rule prospecting includes four stages.

6. The study of general topographical relief and the type. of
ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.

7. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a
particular type of ground.

8. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.

8. :

1. What is prospecting?

2. What is proving?

3. How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?

4. Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal
or as a heavy dark-grey one?


Unit 7_____________________________________________ 169

5. What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?

6. What does prospecting work provide?

7. What are the three main stages of prospecting?

8. Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality
for exposing this or that mineral?

9. What methods of prospecting do you know?

10. What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting
now?

9. ) :

1. country rock )

2. panning )

3. the search for commercially ) ()
useful deposits )

4. geological exploration ) (

5. to look for evidence of miner- )

alization e)

6. distinctive properties ( )

7. lustrous metal )

8. capable of attracting a piece

of iron )

9. additional supplies of )
minerals

10. the occurrence of ore deposits )

) :

1. - a) the data obtained

) galena, sandstones and

2. (- shales

) ) the cost of geological

3. investigations

() ) to crop out

4. ) certain ore deposits

5. e) to make a preliminary

6. , estimation (of a deposit)

7. ) visual aerial observations

8. ) to find the signs of a deposit

9. ) general indications

10. :

. .

1. improve a) alike

2. supply ) seam

3. purpose ) get, receive

4. various ) of course

5. similar ) look for

6. manufacture e) aim


170_____________________________________________ Unit 7

7. obtain ) make better

8. search ) produce

9. bed ) different

 

10. size ) provide

11. certainly ) dimension

11. , .
:

1. The search for primary gold deposits can be made by
metallometric methods of prospecting.

2. The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for eco
nomically useful deposits.

3. Geologists study geological prospecting maps drawn up on the
basis of the preliminary search and forecast of the possible
occurrence of new deposits.

4. The study of the character of a locality in the area of search
will help determine prospecting methods to be used.

5. Prospecting work provides information on the cost of the
geological investigations. It indicates how much these investigations
cost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.

6. Geologists use geophysical methods.

7. As is known, the use of certain bacteria helps search for oil
and gas.

12. , :
explore exploratory exploration exploring

a)l.... deals with a complex range of geological, mining and economic problems. Its main task is to determine the quality, shape and mode of occurrence of mineral deposits and their main properties.

2. Exploration includes drilling and driving of... openings.
These... openings can supply the most accurate information on the
mineral exposed by them.

3. While... a deposit the geologists establish its general size,
determine shape, dimensions and quality.

4. The geological party was sent to... a new deposit.





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