By the way after all
With treat Interest some of the estimates
To rely ob (the fossil fuels, oil, coal) world energy reserves
Look to the future new research
To spend money on conservation of present resources
New forms of power to be fairly optimistic
, , , , , . 158, , . !
UNIT 7 Prospecting and Exploration
. .
1.
().
2. (The Infinitive)
.
A. Prospecting.
. . .
. Exploration of Mineral Deposits.
. 3
(Crossword). . .
()
I | ||
Driving a car is his hobby. | ||
His hobby is driving a car. | ||
(Continuous) | He is driving too fast. | |
He enjoys driving. | ||
I don't like his plan of driving to the country. | The man driving a car is our manager. | |
After driving almost the whole day he felt very tired. | (When/While) driving a car one must be very attentive. |
(The Infinitive)
, : to work , to drill , .
Unit 7
to. to .
:
Active | Passive | |
Indefinite (Simple) Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous | to apply to be applying to have applied to been applying | to be applied to hare been applied |
(Infinitive Passive), . :
. , . |
The engineer wants to help the workers. (Active)
The engineer wants to be helped. (Passive)
1. ( it)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
lean out of the window is dangerous, (: It is dangerous to lean out of the
window.)
We decided to wait for her.
Her wish to win was quite natural.
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|
Is there much work to do/ to be done today?
I went to London to learn English.
He left home, never to be icen again.
I heard someone open
the door. I'd like you to find him a
job.
She is known to have a fine collection of paint-
() .
.
.
, ?
, .
, .
(), -
. () ,
.
, - .
Unit 7
1. :
[i] 'mineral, 'different, 'difference, 'fissure, dis'tinctive
[i:] 'region, need, seam, piece, re'lief, ga'lena
[o] 'quality, 'quantity, 'copper, rock, crop
[o:] call, ore, small, ex'plore, 'forecast
[ae] ex'tract, sand, 'gravel, 'valuable, map, lo'cality
[] 'country, such, e'nough, 'lustre, 'lustrous, oc'currence
[ei] stage, 'data, 'nature, grey, 'mainly, ex'plain, a'vailable
[ou] float, stone, gold, ex'pose, 'opening
2. 1-2 ,
.
aerial ['serial] ;
certain [*sa:tn] ; ; certainly adv
cost [kost] (cost) v ; ;
crop [] v (out) (), ( , ); syn expose; ,
dredging ['dredsHj] ;
drill [drtl] v , ; , ; ; drilling , ; core-drilling ()
drive [diaiv] (drore [drouv], driven ['dnvn]) v ( ); ; (); ; ;
evidence ['evid(a)ns] ; ();
expect [Iks'pekt] v ; ; ;
explore [tics'plo:] v ; exploratory ; exploration ;
galena ['11:] ,
indicate ['mdikeit] v , ; ;
lead [led]
look for ['luk :] v
open up ['oupn '] v (); ( , ); opening ; ;
panning ['penirj] ( )
processing ['prousesuj] ; - industry
prove [pru:v] v ( ); ; , ; proved , ; proving ,
search [sa:tj] v ; (for) (); ; syn prospecting
sign [sain] , ; ,
store [sto:] v , ( )
Unit 7
, ( ); ; working , |
work [wa:k] v ; , (, ); ; workable ,
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|
country rock () distinctive properties malleable ['mseliabl] metal
. |
3. , :
explore
indicate
prospect
survey
differ
occur
lustre
scientist
consider
investigate
explorer
indicator
prospector
surveyor
different
occurrence
lustrous
scientific
considerable
investigator
exploration
indication
prospecting
surveying
difference
occurring
science
consideration
investigation
4. . :
aerial survey
ground methods of prospecting
visible evidence of mineral deposits
search for valuable minerals
exploratory workings
mode of occurrence
a preliminary estimation of the deposit
lustrous coal
to touch upon a problem
to solve a problem
geological exploration
accurate data
exploration equipment
certain ore deposits
a particular type of ground
gold dredging
space research
to crop out at the surface
to cope with a problem
to deal with a problem
5.
. :
the problems of searching for economically useful mineral deposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography
6. . ,
.
Unit 7______________________________________________ 167
Prospecting
Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.
As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.
Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. -Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.
As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.
The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not.
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Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.
General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed
168______________________________________________ Unit 7
during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected.
Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals.
At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:
1. Surface geological and mineralogical prospecting such as panning.
2. Geophysical, geochemical, geobotanical prospecting.
3. Aerial photography with geological interpretation of the data to
be obtained is highly effective from aircraft or helicopter. Besides,
successful development of space research has made it possible to
explore the Earth's resources from space by satellites.
In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps.
, . .
1. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is
called proving.
2. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of min
eral deposits.
3. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of galena.
4. The science of geology can explain the mode of occurrence of
ore deposits.
5. As a rule prospecting includes four stages.
6. The study of general topographical relief and the type. of
ground makes it possible to expose this or that deposit.
7. Geologists know that certain deposits are only found in a
particular type of ground.
8. As is known, veins are found in metamorphic rocks.
8. :
1. What is prospecting?
2. What is proving?
3. How did prospectors find mineral deposits in the 19th century?
4. Does gold occur in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal
or as a heavy dark-grey one?
Unit 7_____________________________________________ 169
5. What metal is capable of attracting a piece of iron?
6. What does prospecting work provide?
7. What are the three main stages of prospecting?
8. Is it enough to know only the topographical relief of a locality
for exposing this or that mineral?
9. What methods of prospecting do you know?
10. What are the most effective aerial methods of prospecting
now?
9. ) :
1. country rock )
2. panning )
3. the search for commercially ) ()
useful deposits )
4. geological exploration ) (
5. to look for evidence of miner- )
alization e)
6. distinctive properties ( )
7. lustrous metal )
8. capable of attracting a piece
of iron )
9. additional supplies of )
minerals
10. the occurrence of ore deposits )
|
|
) :
1. - a) the data obtained
) galena, sandstones and
2. (- shales
) ) the cost of geological
3. investigations
() ) to crop out
4. ) certain ore deposits
5. e) to make a preliminary
6. , estimation (of a deposit)
7. ) visual aerial observations
8. ) to find the signs of a deposit
9. ) general indications
10. :
. .
1. improve a) alike
2. supply ) seam
3. purpose ) get, receive
4. various ) of course
5. similar ) look for
6. manufacture e) aim
170_____________________________________________ Unit 7
7. obtain ) make better
8. search ) produce
9. bed ) different
10. size ) provide
11. certainly ) dimension
11. , .
:
1. The search for primary gold deposits can be made by
metallometric methods of prospecting.
2. The main aim of geological prospecting is to search for eco
nomically useful deposits.
3. Geologists study geological prospecting maps drawn up on the
basis of the preliminary search and forecast of the possible
occurrence of new deposits.
4. The study of the character of a locality in the area of search
will help determine prospecting methods to be used.
5. Prospecting work provides information on the cost of the
geological investigations. It indicates how much these investigations
cost and whether it is advisable to continue the exploration.
6. Geologists use geophysical methods.
7. As is known, the use of certain bacteria helps search for oil
and gas.
12. , :
explore exploratory exploration exploring
a)l.... deals with a complex range of geological, mining and economic problems. Its main task is to determine the quality, shape and mode of occurrence of mineral deposits and their main properties.
2. Exploration includes drilling and driving of... openings.
These... openings can supply the most accurate information on the
mineral exposed by them.
3. While... a deposit the geologists establish its general size,
determine shape, dimensions and quality.
4. The geological party was sent to... a new deposit.