1. Participle II as an attribute.
When used as an attribute Participle II of transitive verbs corresponds to the Russian or of some verbs ending in ‑, . g. a broken chair ( ), a broken cup ( ), a newspaper published in Moscow (, ), the problem discussed at the meeting (, ).
Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in pre-position (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words).
He answered through the locked door. (Wells)
.
They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese
lamps. (Eliot)
,
.
Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian or to an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an intransitive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs to fade, to wither, to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves ( ), a withered flower ( ), a retired colonel ( ), a fallen star ( ), the vanished jewels ( ).
An attribute expressed by Participle II may be detached; in this case it often has an additional meaning of an adverbial, modifier:
The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing
of the bell. (Conan Doyle)
,
.
Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) ascended to his
new room. (Dreiser)
, (
), .
Crushed at first by his imprisonment, he had soon found a dull relief in it.
(Dickens)
,
- .
2. Participle II as an adverbial modifier.
In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.
Participle II can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
When questioned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious about
her brother-in-law. (Cronin)
, ...
.
(b) of condition.
It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if
discovered, would bring them into the police court. (Cronin)
To, , : ,
, .
(c) of comparison.
As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. (Galsworthy)
, .
|
|
|
Mr. Kantwise... shook his head as though lost in wonder and admiration.
(Trollope)
... ,
.
(d) of concession.
...her spirit, though crushed, was not broken. (A. Bronte)
... , .
N o t e. Other grammarians view of the analysis of such word groups as
when questioned, if discovered, as if torn, though crashed... is different. They
consider such word-groups to be elliptical clauses and not participial phrases.
3. Participle II as a predicative.
In spite of himself, Val was impressed. (Galsworthy)
, .
The inner gate was locked, and the lodge closed. (Dickens)
, .
4. Participle II as part of a complex object.
She has found me unaltered; but I have found her changed. (Collins)
, , , .
(For detailed treatment of Participle II as part of a complex object see 10.)
