Participle I may have different syntactic functions.
1. Participle I as an attribute.
Participle I Indefinite Active can he used as an attribute; in this function it corresponds to the Russian .
The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
, , .
We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.
, .
In some cases, Participle I in the function of an attribute is rendered in Russian by a clause.
He came back and stood irresolute on the steps leading down to the street.
(Cusack)
,
.
In the function of an attribute Participle I can be in pre-position and in post-position, i. e. it can precede the noun it modifies and follow it. Participle I in pre-position hardly ever has accompanying words.
The gate-keeper surveyed the retreating vehicle. (Hardy)
.
Participle I in post-position as a rule has one or several accompanying words.
They dined outside upon the terrace facing Vesuvius. (Hlchens)
, .
Through the massive sunlight illuminating the hall at Robin Hill, the July
sunlight at five oclock fell just where the broad staircase turned.
(Galsworthy)
,
,
.
Participle I Indefinite Passive is very seldom used as an attribute.
There was one line being laid out to within a few blocks of his new home...
which interested him greatly. (Dreiser)
,
.
Participle I Perfect Active and Passive is not used attributively. Attention should be paid to the fact that Participle I in the function of an attribute cannot express priority; therefore it often happens that when in Russian we have in English we find a finite verb. Such is the case with the Russian expressing priority; it is rendered in English by an attributive clause.
,
, , , , .
()
Tatyana, who had until that moment borne all the ups and downs of her life
with great indifference, broke down, however, on this and burst into tears.
(Translated by Domb)
,
-, . ()
Bulba bade his sons follow him into the little guest-chamber, whence two
pretty serving-wenches, who had been arranging the room, ran out.
(Translated by Baskervllle)
A clause, not a participle, is generally used in English even when the Russian expresses an action simultaneous with that of the finite verb.
|
|
|
, .
()
Bazarov lit his pipe and went up to the driver, who was unharnessing the
horses. (Translated by C. Garnett)
, ...
. ()
My mother, who knew all his habits, used to thrust the obnoxious volume into
some remote hiding-place. (Translated by J. and T. Litvinov)
Occasionally, however, in rendering the Russian , a participle is used in English. This is often the case when refers to no particular time.
,
, . ()
Dawn was already beginning in the sky when Solomin knocked at the gate in
the high fence surrounding the factory. (Translated by C. Garnett)
, . ()
Then he drew the attention of his guests to a picture hanging above his head,
painted in oils. (Translated by C. Garnett)
In many cases an attribute expressed by Participle I is detached, i. e. it acquires a certain independence in the sentence; the connection between the attribute and the word it modifies is loose. A detached attribute is usually separated by a comma.
It was the entrance to a large family vault, extending under the north aisle.
(Hardy)
,
.
2. Participle Ias an adverbial modifier.
All the forms of Participle I may be used as an adverbial modifier. Participle I Indefinite expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian ; Participle I Perfect, expresses an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb and corresponds to the Russian . In some cases Participle I in the function of an adverbial modifier is rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause. Participle I can be an adverbial modifier:
(a) of time.
Approaching Malta Street, Soho,Soames thought with wonder of those
years in Brighton. (Galsworthy)
, ,
.
Having closed the drawing-room door on him,Isabel awaited a little,
absorbed in her own thoughts. (Collins)
, ,
.
Having reached the classroom, she became the object of many questions.
(Collins)
, .
As has already been stated, with some verbs of sense perception and motion, such as to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to enter, to seize, to look out, to turn and some others, Participle I Indefinite is used even when priority is meant. In Russian is used in such cases.
Anna... hearing his step, ran to the foot of the stairs to meet him. (Eliot)
... , .
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|
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Arriving there the visitor found everything that should be found at old
manors. (Coppard)
, ,
.
Entering her room that evening, Elfride found a packet for herself on the
dressing-table. (Hardy)
,
.
Seizing ink and writing paper,she began to write... (Galsworthy)
, .
Turning slowly she went to her room. (Eliot)
, .
If the action expressed by Participle I Indefinite Active is simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, the conjunction when or while is often used.
...it was possible for Urquhart, when making his toilet,to survey with pride
an original willow pattern tea service. (Cronin)
, ,
.
While waiting for the water to boil,he held his face over the stove.
(London)
, , .
N o t e. Participle I Indefinite of the verb to be is not used as an adverbial
modifier of time. Clauses of the type ,
, may be translated When a boy, When he was a boy,
When in Leningrad, When he was in Leningrad.
(b) of cause.
