, , ?
Unless is used in sentences of real and unreal condition.
I shall come in time unless I am detained at the Institute.
, ..
Isabel would not have engaged herself to Mr. Hardyman unless she had
been fond of him. (Collins)
,
.
N o t e. Unless has a negative meaning; it corresponds to the Russian
. There are cases, however, when the Russian cannot be rendered in
English by unless; only if not is possible.
, .
Cross the street carefully if you dont want to be run over.
In this sentence unless would sound ironically ( ).
Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion.
Had the wanderer remained awake for another half-hour, a strange sight
would have met his eyes. (Conan Doyle)
, .
I should be myself were Ionce again among the heather in those hills.
(E. Bronte)
, , ,
.
Mary would indeed have been grateful, to Miss Dunstable, could she have
known all that lady did for her. (Trollope)
,
, .
Should he come this way, I will speak to him. (Ch. Bronte)
, .
The Subjunctive Mood is used in sentences expressing what may be understood as an unreal consequence, the condition of which is not expressed as such.
I suppose you are a stranger in these parts, or you would have heard what
happened last autumn. (Ch. Bronte)
, , ,
.
There was no piano... because it would have taken up much room.
(Galsworthy)
... .
7. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of purpose. When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) if the principal clause refers to the present or future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used.
As has already been, stated (see 3), the mood auxiliary may (might) retains in this case a shade of modality.
She opens (will open) the window that she may (might) get a breath of fresh
air.
She opened the window that she might get a breath of fresh air.
Order a conveyance to be at the door to-morrow evening, rather earlier than is
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absolutely necessary, in order that we may be in good time. (Dickens)
,
( ).
Mr. Micawber impressed the names of streets upon me that I might find my
way back easily. (Dickens)
,
( ).
got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy. (Cronin)
, .
Occasionally the mood auxiliary should is used.
I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there should be
no possibility of a mistake. (Conan Doyle)
, ,
.
If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is generally used.
Lest has a negative meaning ( ).
She opens (opened, will open) the window lest it should be stuffy in the
room.
She... looked steadily at her coffee lest she also should begin to cry, as Anna
was doing already. (Eliot)
, ,
.
8. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession. Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and connectives though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is generally used.
Though he may (might) be tired
Tired though he may (might) be
No matter how tired he may (might) be
However tired he may (might) be } he will go to the concert.
, .
Whatever obstacles may arise, we shall not give in.
, , .
Youre my daughter, Alice. Although you may never admit it, youre like
me. (Gow and DUsseau)
, . ,
.
Remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any
lie. (Dreiser)
, , , , ,
.
I must return to the city, no matter what dangers may lurk there. (Dreiser)
,
.
...I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he may
be. (Hardy)
, .
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to, that, of, the principal clause the Perfect Infinitive is generally used.
However badly he may have behaved to you in the past he is still your
brother. (Wilde)
,
.
N o t e. The Indicative Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession
when the action or state is considered as an actual fact and not as something
supposed.
C o m p a r e:
Cold though it may be, we shall go to the skating-rink (Subjunctive Mood).
, .
Cold as it is, we shall go to the skating-rink (Indicative Mood).
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, .
9. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of time and place after the conjunctions whenever and wherever; in these cases the clauses have an additional concessive meaning.
Whenever you may (might) come, you are welcome.
, .
Wherever she may (might) live, she will always find friends.
, .
Of course, I shall come for your marriage, whenever that may be fixed.
(Trollope)
, , .
10. TheSubjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison (or manner) introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though (the latter is more literary).
If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
She speaks (spoke) about him as if she knew him well.
() ,
().
She greeted him as if he were her brother. (Galsworthy)
, . speaks as if
he knew you! (Collins)
, !
Rex got from his seat, as if he held the conference to be at an end. (Eliot)
, .
If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
She speaks (spoke) about him as if she had known him for years.
() , () .
She flushes as though he had struck her. (Shaw)
, .
She shook hands with him as though they had known each other all their
lives... (Trollope)
, .
11. The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses:
(a) introduced by the conjunctions, as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feel, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal clause.
If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the PastSubjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
If the action of the subordinate, clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
I feel as if we were back seven years, Jon. (Galsworthy)
, , .
...now I feel as if you had never been away. (Shaw)
, .
looked as if he knew it to be true. (Austen)
, , .
The house looked as though it had been deserted for weeks. (Wells)
, .
It was as if she were angry with him. (Lawrence).
, .
Karel felt a bitter taste in his mouth. It was as if he had done something
wrong. (Heym)
. ,
- .
(b) when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. In this case the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used:
Marys wish was that... our mother should come and live with her.
(A. Bronte)
, .
...his arrangement with them had been that they should meet him at
Plymouth. (Hardy)
, .
One of the conditions was that I should go abroad. (Swinnerton)
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, .
12. The Subjunctive Mood is used in subject clauses after aprincipal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.
It is (was) necessary
It is (was) important
It is (was) right
It is (was) requested
It is (was) recommended
It is (was) obligatory
It is (was) better (best)
It is (was) desirable
It is (was) of vital importance } that he should come
It was necessary that the childs history should be known to none. (Trollope)
, .
It was desirable that she... should marry this earnest, well-to-do and
respectable man. (Hardy)
, ,
.
It is better for these young men... that they should not remain here. (Dickens)
... , .
It was imperative that she should go home. (Hardy)
, .
13. The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses:
(a) When the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb to wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
I wish I were a girl again. (E. Bronte)
.
She wished she were free and could follow them. (Ch. Bronte)
, .
I wish she felt as I do. (E. Bronte)
, , .
wished he had someone to talk to... (Wilson)
, -,
.
If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.
Auntie, I wish I had not done it. (Twain)
, , , .
The moment Aileen had said this she wished she had not. (Dreiser)
, .
The above examples show that such sentences are often translated by means of , .
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would (for all persons) is also used in object clauses after the verb to wish. This form is used only in sentences referring to the present or future; it is possible only if the subject of the principal clause is not the same as the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences expressing request or annoyance.
I wish you would stay with me for a while. (Voynich)
, .
I wish the honourable district attorney would mind his own business.
(Dreiser)
, .
With the verb to be this form is hardly ever used.
(b) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed by a verb denoting fear.
The mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.
She fears (feared) lest she should be blamed.
(), .
trembled lest his secret should be discovered.
, .
I dreaded lest any stranger should notice me and speak to me. (Eliot)
, -
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|
.
After verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the conjunction that, in which case the Indicative Mood is used, often with the modal verb may (might).
She fears (feared) that she will (would) be blamed.
She fears (feared) that she may (might) be blamed.
(c) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. fn the principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.
He orders (ordered)
He suggests (suggested)
He proposes (proposed)
He demands (demanded)
He desires (desired)
He insists (insisted)
He is anxious (was anxious)
He will see (he saw) to it } that everything should be ready by 5.
Mrs. Linton insisted that Isabella should go to bed. (E. Bronte)
, .
She (Agnes) proposed to my aunt that we should go upstairs and see my
room. (Dickens)
,
.
Mr. Micawber was very anxious that I should stay to dinner. (Dickens)
, .
In American English we often find the Present Subjunctive in this case.
...she insisted that they open a bottle of wine and toast his success. (Stone)
,
.
The people demand that the resignation be accepted. (Heym)
, .
14. The Subjunctive Mood is used in attributive appositive clauses modifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.
His wish (suggestion) that everybody should take part in the work was
reasonable.
She had been enormously flattered by his request that she should temporarily
keep his house. (Bennett)
.
15. The Subjunctive Mood is also used in attributive clauses modifying the noun time in the principal clause It is time, It is high time. In this case the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.
It is time we went home.
.
It is high time we went home.
.
It is time we were off.
.
Its time you learned youre in the army. (Heym)
, .
Now then, children. Its high time you were washed and dressed. (Mansfield)
, , .
The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also possible,
though less common.
It is time we should go home.
It was indeed high time that some one... should come to the aid of the old
farmer and his adopted daughter. (Conan Doyle)
-
.
16. As has already been stated the Subjunctive Mood may be used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts (see 1). Here we always find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should, which in this case is often called the emotional should. If priority is expressed the Perfect Infinitive is used.
In this case the Subjunctive Mood is rendered in Russian by the Indicative Mood.
The emotional should occurs in different kinds of subordinate clauses; the principal clause in such cases contains:
(a) An adjective expressing astonishment, incredulity, regret, joy, such as strange, wonderful, unnatural, impossible, fortunate, unfortunate, etc.
It is strange I should never have heard him even mention your name.
(Austen)
, , .
It is impossible that she should have said it.
He (), (
).
(b) A noun with the same meaning: wonder, pity, shame, etc.
He is such a charming man that it is quite a pity he should be so grave and so
dull. (Austen)
; ,
.
(c) The principal clause may be of the following type: I am sorry, glad, pleased, vexed, etc.
I am sorry you should take such needless trouble. (Ch. Bronte)
, .
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Against my will I felt pleased that he should have considered my remark
interesting... (Bralne)
, .
I am so vexed... that such a thing should have been discussed before that
child. (Reade)
, .
I forgive you; but I am so grieved, Davy, that you should have such bad
passions in your heart. (Dickens)
, , ,
.
The Subjunctive Mood with the emotional should may also occur in such sentences as:
Why should you and I talk about it? (Dickens)
?
think this should have come upon us in our old age! (Hardy)
, !
I was still busy, when who should come in but Caddy! (Dickens)
, ? !
In sentences of this kind the Indicative Mood is also possible.
Oh! It is strange he never mentioned to me that he had a ward. (Wilde)
It is only wonderful we have seen no living creature there before. (Collins)
...to think that I have been so blind! (Dickens)