, . , , , :
a white sand castle; asilkdancingshoes.
, , :
a pretty young woman; a silly fat cat.
:
| a | small | round | white | Italian | porcelain | dish | |
| an | old | square | brown | wooden | box |
, first, next last :
ten white cups; the first good contract; his last two efficient projects.
, :
) , ᒺ . the:
the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the blind, the deaf, the unemployed.
The number of the unemployed has increased recently;
) . sh ch, the :
the Welsh, the Irish, the British, the Dutch, the French;
The British are known for their love for pets.
: the accused ; the deceased ; the former ( ); the latter ( ).
The meeting was attended by Mr Smith and Mr Jones; the latter is vice-president of the partner company.
.
John is the cleverest in our group.
ADVERB
(the Adverb) , 䳿 , . , , , , 䳺.
We woke up late.
Slowly, he approached.
What are you doing tomorrow?
, , .
I am terribly sorry to tell you this news.
We need to buy some food ─ the fridge is nearly empty.
I am satisfied ─ youve translated the text quite well.
ϳ 䳺 - : be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, taste, get, become, grow, remain, stay, keep .
He felt angry.
The soup smells delicious!
She appears shy.
.
: late, yesterday, here, soon .
(Adj + -ly): quick ly, sudden ly, fortunate ly, quiet ly .
-ly. , : costly, deadly, friendly, likely, lively, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly, unlikely , .
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We all noticed his friendly behaviour.
She is such a lovely creature.
daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early, hard, fast, late , .
I got up early and took an early train to London.
Is his car so fast or does he drive so fast?
, : hard hardly, late lately.
Ive trained hard for this competition. But I can hardly compete with African athletes.
Lately, shes been 20 to 30 minutes late to the office, and our boss is outraged.
:
| here, there, where, inside, outside, above, below . | |
| / 䳿 | now, when, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, before, after, ever, never, always, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, already, lately, recently . |
| many, much, a lot, (a) few, (a) little, enough, too, very, so, hardly, scarcely, nearly, almost . | |
| 䳿 | well, badly, quickly, slowly, early, late, hard, angrily, happily . |
| probably, certainly, definitely, obviously, maybe, perhaps . | |
| , , | however, luckily, stupidly . |
: , , :
璺 , 䳿, / 䳿 ( alway, ever, rarely, seldom, never), , .
Suddenly, the door opened. Then somebody entered the room.
Usually I get up early. Maybe, Ive got used to it.
/ 䳿, , , 䳿.
We always go to the seaside in summer. It is certainly the best place for holiday.
She angrily looked at me. I had completely forgotten to phone her the day before.
䳺, 䳺.
She always comes here at weekends. She certainly likes this place.
I have already looked through your project. I can certainly help you.
䳿, , / 䳿.
You speak English well. I guess, youve been working hard.
Emily is reading upstairs. She is unusually quiet today.
so:
so + adj/adv
I didnt like the film. The plot was so nave.
The train arrived so late that we didnt risk going home on foot and took taxi.
such + noun
I didnt like the film. They used such nave plot.
enough (). enough .
She is experienced enough to apply for this job.
He was walking slowly enough for me to catch up with him.
enough :
She hasnt got enough experience to apply for this job.
too .
They are too young to marry.
It was too late to start new project.
far.
far too much/big/early, etc. = much/too much/big/early, etc.
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The issue is far too important to be discussed behind closed doors.
, y, , l r
| Adj | Adj + er | (the) Adj + est |
| great | greater | (the) greatest |
| fat | fat t er | (the) fat t est |
| happy | happ i er | (the) happ i est |
| narrow | narrower | (the) narrowest |
| simple | simpler | (the) simplest |
| clever | cleverer | (the) cleverest |
The ferry is cheaper than the plane.
It is the cheapest way to Hastings.
This year has been busier for our company than the previous one.
It has been the busiest year (of all) so far.
early, late, fast, hard, near, soon .
| Adv | Adv + er | (the) Adv + est |
| fast | faster | (the) fastest |
| early | earl i er | (the) earl i est |
| near | nearer | (the) nearest |
Sam lives nearer to the university than Jack, so he can get up later.
Jack overslept and came to the meeting the latest (of all).
| Adj | more +Adj | the most + Adj |
| usual | more usual | the most usual |
| interesting | moreinteresting | the mostinteresting |
| beneficial | more beneficial | the most beneficial |
Travelling by car is more stressful than travelling by bus.
It is the most stressful in large cities at rush hours.
This project is more important for our department than the one you suggested.
It is the most important of all (projects we have already done).
.
| Adv | more + Adv | (the) most + Adv |
| quickly | more quickly | (the) most quickly |
| correctly | more correctly | (the) most correctly |
This lecturer explains material more clearly than others. In fact, he explains rules the clearest (of all).
| good | better | the best |
| bad | worse | the worst |
| far | farther ( ) further ( ; ) | the farthest the furthest |
| old | older ( ; ) elder ( ) | the oldest the eldest |
| many | more | the most |
| much | more | the most |
| little | less | the least |
| well | better | the best |
| badly | worse | the worst |
Sam plays better than everybody else in the team. He is the best player in the team.
Heathrow is farther/further from London than Gatwick.
For further information do not hesitate to contact us.
My elder/older sister has just got married. She is two years older than me.
Her husband is our neighbors eldest/oldest son.
She talks less than he does, but she thinks more.
far, much, very much, a lot, rather, a bit, a little, any, no, : , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .
Ukrainian is much more difficult than Italian.
This place is a bit farther than we drove last time.
Is your mother any better?
Our new lecturer is very much nicer than we had last year.
much, by far, quite, nearly, almost, practically.
He is much the most talented of them all.
Jenny was by far the prettiest girl in the group.
It was quite the most stressful day in my life.
less the least.
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This hotel is less expensive (cheaper) because it is the least comfortable (the most uncomfortable ), I think.
1) () () - as as:
Her French is as fluent as her native English.
Is it as good as you expected?
2) - not so/as as:
They are not as/so hospitable as we could imagine.
3) , /, - half/twice/three times, aslarge/small as:
He is not half as clever as he was described.
Your room is twice as small as mine.
The way was four times as long as I had hoped.
three, four.. manytimes ( half twice) + + than.
The way was four times longer than I had hoped.
4) ( ; ) :
It was getting darker and darker.
5) , - the + ..., the more + :
The older he grew, the more stubborn he became.
The more dangerous it was, the more excited he felt.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Word formation
I
:
1) :
work ; towork
master ; tomaster ,
empty ; toempty -
2) :
airfield (air + field)
birthplace (birth + place)
, , : water-way (water+way)
3) :
′increase , ; toin′crease , ;
′export ; toex′port .
, :
to re′fuse ;′refuse - .
4) :
laser = lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation, ( )
ad = advertisement
5) , , .
II
| -ment | high rate of unemployment; reach an agreement |
| -ion/-tion/-sion | arrange a discussion; increase oil production |
| -ation/ition | an invitation to a conference; political opposition |
| -ence/-ance | a difference in prices; a distance of two miles |
| -ty/ity | feeling of certainty; measures of security |
| -ness | consumers willingness to buy a product |
| -ing | leave a building; sorry for misunderstanding |
| -dom | fight for freedom; the boredom of long winter evenings |
| -hood | ties of brotherhood; local neighbourhood |
| -ship | a football championship; long-lasting friendship |
| -ure | military expenditure; the pressureof work |
III ,
| -er/-or* | the chief managerof the company; a newspaper editor |
| -ist | places visited by tourists; a talented artist |
| -ant/-ent | a personal assistant;students at the university |
| -an/-ian | a convention of Republicans; a university librarian |
| -ee | an employee of the company (= someone employed) recommendations for interviewees (= people answering the questions in an interview) |
* -er , , , 䳺:
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a combine harvest er; a food mix er.
IV 䳺
| -ize (BrE also -ise) | A lot of public enterprises were privatized. The company has maximized its profits. |
| -en | The gap between rich and poor is widening. |
| -ify/-fy | First of all, we must identify the problem areas. |
| -ate | Research indicates possible changes in demand. |
V
| -al | a chemical element; a professional skills |
| -ic | scientific research; an electric generator |
| -ive | an informative talk; the rent inclusive of water and heating |
| -ful | a successful career; a cheerful boy |
| -less | useless advice; to be powerless to change anything |
| -ous | a dangerous situation; luxurious goods |
| -y | a rocky landscape; foggy London |
| -ly | a friendly smile; a lovely countryside |
| -able/-ible | a comfortable seat; a comprehensible task |
| -ant/-ent | a dependent factor; a distant relative |
| -ish | childish behavior; a vain, foolish woman |
VI
| -ly | He replied to my letter very quickly. |
| -ward(s) | They continued moving eastwards. |
| -wise | Turn the key clockwise. |
VII
| anti- () | anti-war protestors; anti-theft device |
| co- () | international cooperation; my co -workers |
| de- ( , ) | decentralize power; debug a computer program |
| en-/em- ( ) | enable an easier access; be emboldened to take decisive measures |
| ex- () | ex-president; ex-boyfriend |
| inter- () | an intercontinental flight; interstate highways in the US |
| micro- ( ) | use microchips; a microwave oven |
| mini- () | take a mini-bus; use the minibar in a hotel room |
| mis- () | mislead the court; miscalculate the amount |
| multi- () | multicultural society; a multimillionaire |
| over- ( ) | overcrowded roads; cause overproduction |
| post- () | post-war world; a postgraduate student |
| pre- () | predetermine the tendency; in prehistoric times |
| re- () | a reunion of university friends; rewrite the essay |
| semi- () | semi-skilled work; sitting in a semicircle |
| sub- () | a police subdivision; sub-zero temperatures |
| super- () | a new supermarket; a supertanker carrying oil |
| under- ( ) | underestimate a person; underpaid work |
VIII
| dis- | a dishonest way to do business; dislike the idea; a disadvantage of the merger |
| il- (+ l) | an illegal monopolisation; computer illiterate |
| im- (+ m or p) | an impossible task; an impolite question |
| in- | politically inactive route; professional incompetence |
| ir- (+ r) | an irregular shape; an irrelevant remark |
| non- | non-alcoholic drinks; a non-stop flight |
| un- | uncertain what to do; an unusual event; unpack the bag |
Appendix 2
| 䳺 | ||||
| 䳺 TheInfinitive | Past Indefinite/ Past Simple | ij Past participle/ Participle | 䳺 | |
| 1. | arise | arose | arisen | , ; |
| 2. | awake | awoke awaked | awoken awaked | , |
| 3. | be | was/were | been | , |
| 4. | bear | bore | born | |
| 5. | bear | bore | borne | , ;, |
| 6. | beat | beat | beaten | , |
| 7. | become | became | become | , |
| 8. | begin | began | begun | () |
| 9. | bend | bent | bent | |
| 10. | beseech | besought beseeched | besought beseeched | , |
| 11. | bet | bet | bet | , |
| 12. | bid | bid | bid | , ( - for; . ) |
| 13. | bind | bound | bound | ', |
| 14. | bite | bit | bitten | () |
| 15. | bleed | bled | bled | ; ' |
| 16. | bless | blest blessed | blest blessed | ; |
| 17. | blow | blew | blown | ; ; |
| 18. | break | broke | broken | (), |
| 19. | breed | bred | bred | , |
| 20. | bring | brought | brought | , |
| 21. | broadcast | broadcast (ed) | broadcast (ed) | |
| 22. | build | built | built | |
| 23. | burn | burnt (-ed) | burnt (-ed) | , |
| 24. | burst | burst | burst | , |
| 25. | buy | bought | bought | |
| 26. | cast | cast | cast | |
| 27. | catch | caught | caught | , |
| 28. | choose | chose | chosen | |
| 29. | cling | clung | clung | , |
| 30. | come | came | come | |
| 31. | cost | cost | cost | |
| 32. | creep | crept | crept | , |
| 33. | cut | cut | cut | , , |
| 34. | deal | dealt | dealt | ; ; |
| 35. | dig | dug | dug | , |
| 36. | dive | dived, dove | dived | , |
| 37. | do | did | done | |
| 38. | draw | drew | drawn | , |
| 39. | dream | dreamt dreamed | dreamt dreamed | , |
| 40. | drink | drank | drunk | |
| 41. | drive | drove | driven | , |
| 42. | dwell | dwelt | dwelt | , , |
| 43. | eat | ate | eaten | |
| 44. | fall | fell | fallen | |
| 45. | feed | fed | fed | |
| 46. | feel | felt | felt | () |
| 47. | fight | fought | fought | , |
| 48. | find | found | found | |
| 49. | fit | fit | fit | , |
| 50. | flee | fled | fled | , |
| 51. | fling | flung | flung | (), ; |
| 52. | fly | flew | flown | |
| 53. | forbid | forbade | forbidden | |
| 54. | forecast | forecasted forecast | forecasted forecast | |
| 55. | forget | forgot | forgotten | |
| 56. | forgive | forgave | forgiven | , |
| 57. | forsake | forsook | forsaken | , ; ( . .) |
| 58. | foresee | foresaw | foreseen | |
| 59. | freeze | froze | frozen | , |
| 60. | get | got | got | , , |
| 61. | give | gave | given | |
| 62. | go | went | gone | , |
| 63. | grind | ground | ground | , |
| 64. | grow | grew | grown | , |
| 65. | hang | hang | hang | , |
| 66. | hear | heard | heard | |
| 67. | hew | hewed | hewed (hewn) | , |
| 68. | hide | hid | hidden | |
| 69. | hit | hit | hit | |
| 70. | hold | held | held | |
| 71. | hurt | hurt | hurt | , |
| 72. | keep | keep | kept | , |
| 73. | kneel | knelt | knelt | |
| 74. | know | knew | known | |
| 75. | lay | laid | laid | ; |
| 76. | lead | lead | lead | , |
| 77. | leap | leapt leaped | leapt leaped | |
| 78. | lean | leaned leant | leaned leant | (); |
| 79. | learn | learnt | learnt | () |
| 80. | leave | left | left | ; '; |
| 81. | lend | lent | lent | |
| 82. | let | let | let | , |
| 83. | lie | lay | lain | |
| 84. | light | lit lighted | lit lighted | (); |
| 85. | lose | lost | lost | , |
| 86. | make | made | made | ; ; |
| 87. | mean | meant | meant | |
| 88. | meet | met | met | |
| 89. | mislead | misled | misled | ; |
| 90. | mistake | mistook | mistaken | ; |
| 91. | mow | mowed | mowed (mown) | ; |
| 92. | overhear | overheard | overheard | ; |
| 93. | overpay | overpaid | overpaid | |
| 94. | overtake | overpay | overpay | ; |
| 95. | partake | partook | partaken | |
| 96. | pay | paid | paid | ; |
| 97. | plead | pleaded pled | pleaded pled | , ; ; |
| 98. | put | put | put | |
| 99. | read | read | read | |
| 100. | rewrite | rewrote | rewritten | |
| 101. | rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | |
| 102. | rend | rent | rent | , , |
| 103. | retell | retold | retold | |
| 104. | rid | rid | rid | , |
| 105. | ride | rode | ridden | |
| 106. | ring | rang | rung | |
| 107. | rise | rose | risen | |
| 108. | rive | rived | riven | ; ; |
| 109. | run | ran | run | |
| 110. | saw | sawed | sawn | , |
| 111. | say | said | said | , |
| 112. | see | saw | seen | |
| 113. | seek | sought | sought | ; ; |
| 114. | sell | sold | sold | |
| 115. | send | sent | sent | |
| 116. | set | set | set | ; , ( ) |
| 117. | sew | sewed | sewed | , , |
| 118. | shake | shook | shaken | (); () |
| 119. | shape | shaped | shaped(shapen) | |
| 120. | shear | sheared | shorn | ; |
| 121. | shed | shed | shed | , (, , , ); (, ); |
| 122. | shine | shone | shone | (); |
| 123. | shoe | shod | shod | , |
| 124. | shoot | shot | shot | |
| 125. | show | showed | shown | |
| 126. | shrink | shrank | shrunk | ();, ( ) |
| 127. | shrive | shrove (shrived) | shriven (shrived) | , |
| 128. | shut | shut | shut | |
| 129. | sing | sang | sung | |
| 130. | sink | sank | sunk | (), ; |
| 131. | sit | sit | sat | |
| 132. | slay | slew | slain | |
| 133. | sleep | slept | slept | |
| 134. | slide | slid | slid | ; |
| 135. | sling | slung | slung | , , |
| 136. | slink | slunk | slunk | ; |
| 137. | slit | slit | slit | , , |
| 138. | smell | smelt/smelled | smelt/smelled | ; |
| 139. | smite | smote | smitten | ; |
| 140. | sow | sowed | sown | |
| 141. | speak | spoke | spoken | ; |
| 142. | speed | sped speeded | sped speeded | ; |
| 143. | spell | spelt spelled | spelt spelled | () |
| 144. | spend | spent | spent | ; () |
| 145. | spill | spilt | spilt | (), (); () |
| 146. | spin | spun | spun | ;, ( |
| 147. | spit | spat | spat | () |
| 148. | split | split | split | (); () |
| 149. | spoil | spoilt | spoilt | () |
| 150. | spread | spread | spread | () |
| 151. | spring | sprang | sprung | , ; ; |
| 152. | stand | stood | stood | |
| 153. | steal | stole | stolen | |
| 154. | stick | stuck | stuck | ; |
| 155. | sting | stung | stung | |
| 156. | stink | stank stunk | stank stunk | |
| 157. | strew | strewed | strewn (strewed) | ; ; |
| 158. | stride | strode | stridden | |
| 159. | strike | struck | struck | |
| 160. | string | strung | strung | '; ';; |
| 161. | strive | strove | striven | , , |
| 162. | swear | swore | sworn | , ;() |
| 163. | sweep | swept | swept | , |
| 164. | swell | swelled | swollen (swelled) | (), , |
| 165. | swim | swam | swum | |
| 166. | swing | swung | swung | (), () |
| 167. | take | took | taken | |
| 168. | teach | taught | taught | , |
| 169. | tear | tore | torn | () |
| 170. | tell | told | told | , |
| 171. | think | thought | thought | |
| 172. | thrive | throve | thriven | ; ; |
| 173. | throw | threw | thrown | () |
| 174. | thrust | thrust | thrust | ;; |
| 175. | tread | trod | trodden | ,, |
| 176. | unbend | unbent | unbent | (), (); () |
| 177. | undergo | underwent | undergone | , , |
| 178. | underlie | underlay | underlain | , () () |
| 179. | underpay | underpaid | underpaid | |
| 180. | understand | understood | understood | |
| 181. | undertake | undertook | undertaken | , |
| 182. | underwrite | underwrote | underwritten | () |
| 183. | upset | upset | upset | (); |
| 184. | wake | woke | woken | ; |
| 185. | wear | wore | worn | |
| 186. | weave | wove | woven | ; , |
| 187. | weep | wept | wept | |
| 188. | win | won | won | |
| 189. | wind | wound | wound | ;, |
| 190. | withdraw | withdrew | withdrawn | , ; () |
| 191. | withhold | withheld | withheld | ; ; , |
| 192. | withstand | withstood | withstood | , |
| 193. | wring | wrung | wrung | |
| 194. | write | wrote | written |
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