Both, neither either .
both + → , .
Both satellites were launched in the 1990s.
neither + → , .
Neither answer is correct, unfortunately.(= not one or the other)
either + → .
I dont mind where we go. Either restaurant is fine. (= one or the other is fine)
both + of + determiner + / 䳺 .
either/neither + of + determiner + / 䳺 :
Neither of my sisters lives /live in the same town as me.
Both of them are married. (NOT Both of them is married.)
None ( ). None 䳺 :
None of our countries is/are able to ignore the implications of global warming.
', :
either or → ; ;
neither nor → ;
both and → ; .
Well, I think shes either Ukrainian or Polish.
(: There were two options for us, and either was acceptable.)
I neither knew nor cared what was going to happen.
(: Neither plan was approved.)
For this job you will need a good knowledge of both English and French.
(: Both (of the) women were French.)
˲
NUMERALS
| 0 nought /AmE zero 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 - twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty | 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 24 twenty-four 25 twenty-five 26 twenty-six 27 twenty-seven 28 twenty-eight 29 twenty-nine 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one / a hundred* 1,000 one / a thousand 1,000 000 one /a million 1,000 000 : (AmE) a billion or a thousand millions - 1,000,000,000 (BrE.) a billion or a million millions - 1,000,000,000,000 |
hundred/ thousand/ million two, three, four , s.
: five hundred dollars ( a five hundreds dollars);
two / three thousand customers;
two dozen bottles (a two dozens bottles).
dozen*,hundred, thousand, million s , , , , .., of.
:A hundred tourists .
Two hundred tourists .
Hundreds of tourists .
E.g. Several thousand people have bought the new model. To be more precise, we have sold eight thousand four hundred and twenty. The population of North America is three hundred and thirty-two million.
|
|
|
* dozen 12.
: 12 roses = a dozen red roses; 6 eggs = half a dozen eggs.
:
310 three hundred and ten;
425 four hundred and twenty-five;
1,001 one thousand and one;
1,100 - a/one thousand, one hundred; (informal style: eleven hundred);
2,084 two thousand and eighty-four;
6,102 six thousand, one hundred and two;
50,000 fifty thousand;
250,127 two hundred and fifty thousand, one hundred and twenty-seven;
500, 000 five hundred thousand or half a million;
750,000 seven hundred and fifty thousand;
1,000,000 one million (1m).
| 1. ( ). 4,126 4126. 2. and, , . : 1,400,702 (BrE) one million, four hundred thousand, seven hundred andtwo (AmE) one million, four hundred thousand, seven hundred two |
:
. $, ₤, , .
, - .
₤1.75 one pound seventy-five (one pound and seventy-five pence);
₤3.70 three pounds seventy;
$11.99 eleven dollars ninety-nine (eleven dollars and ninety-nine cents);
250 two hundred and fifty euros;
₤478m = ₤ 478,000,000:
- four hundred and seventy-eight million pounds (BrE);
- four hundred seventy eight million pounds (AmE);
$7.5bn = $7,500,000,000 seven and a half billion dollars.
:
₤10 ten pound s , a ₤10 note a ten--pound note ;
a ten thousand pound car ( a ten thousand pounds car).
³:
1% one per cent (AmE percent);
25% twenty-five per cent / percent;
0.2 % nought point two per cent;
0.75% nought point seven five per cent;
3.5% three point five per cent;
31/2% three and a half per cent;
inflation of 3.5 per cent inflation of three point five per cent;
Oxygen accounts for 40.6% of the earths crust. (forty point six per cent).
:
1/2 a (one) half;
1/3 a (one) third;
1/4 a quarter / a (one) fourth;
1/10 a (one) tenth;
2/3 two third+ s;
2/5 two fifth s;
3/4 three quarter s/ three fourth s;
21/4 two and a quarter;
21/2 two and a half;
2 9/10 two and nine tenths;
0.1 nought point one (BrE);
zero point one (AmE);
0.001 nought point oh oh one; also possible: point oh oh one;
0.25 nought point two five;
4.83 four point eight three;
99.3 ninety-nine point three;
26.012 twenty-six point oh one two;
127.578 one hundred twenty-seven point five seven eight;
(also possible: one two seven point five seven eight).
. 0 . , , 0.145, zero point a hundred and forty-five, 볺 , 145.
| ! , . : 15.001 fifteen point oh oh one 15,001 fifteen thousand and one |
|
|
|
of a+ : 3/4 ton - three quarters of a ton ;
0.25 mile - nought point two five of a mile.
³, ( ) , , .
18.5 tons eighteen point five tons;
3.6 km three point six kilometres;
11/2 h - one and a half hours.
: an hour and a half ( one and a half hour).
䳿:
+ plus/and;
- minus;
÷ divided by;
x multiplied by/times;
= is equal/equals to/ is;
31 + 46 = 77thirty-one plus forty-six is/equals/is equal to seventy-seven;
thirty-one and forty-six equals seventy-seven;
64 31 = 33 sixty-four minus thirty-one equals/ is thirty-three;
9 3 = 27 nine multiplied by 3 equals/is twenty-seven;
nine times* three equals/is twenty-seven;
9 ÷ 3 = 3 nine divided by three equals 3;
10 ÷ 6 =1.666 ten divided by six is one point six recurring;
*two times = twice;
three times = thrice;
102 ten squared;
103 ten cubed;
10n ten to the power of n;
√4 the square root of 4;
3√27 the cube root of twenty-seven.
:
1100 eleven hundred ( 00);
1500 fifteen hundred;
1900 nineteen hundred;
1905 nineteen hundred and five ();
nineteen oh five ( );
1917 nineteen seventeen;
1945 nineteen forty-five;
2 000 (the year) two thousand ( 000);
2001 two thousand and one;
twenty oh one;
2005 two thousand and five / twenty oh five;
2011 twenty eleven;
2012 twenty twelve;
2050 twenty fifty.
May 15, 2012 May the fifteenth, twenty twelve.
15 May, 2012 the fifteenth of May, twenty twelve.
1980s the nineteen eighties.
Examples: life in the nineteen thirties;
pop music of the sixties;
a man in his fifties
:
, ( , , , ) . 0 oh (AmE zero). , double.
171 225 4677 one seven one () double two five () four six double seven.
9. 00Its nine (oclock). Also: Its nine a.m. Its nine p.m.
09.05 Its nine oh five.
Its five (minutes) past nine.
AmE: Its five (minutes) after nine.
09.15 nine fifteen = a quarter past nine;
09.30 half past nine;
09.45 a quarter to ten;
AmE: a quarter of ten.
09.50 ten (minutes) to nine;
12.00 Its noon.
Its midnight.
:
32 ˚ C thirty - two degrees Celsius (or Centigrade);
90˚F ninety degrees Fahrenheit;
0 zero (. . .);
-5 ˚ five below zero.
, :
Bn
1bn 1,000,000,000.
k ;
k = 1,000.
₤12k, , ₤12,000.00 .
m ;
1m = 1,000,000.
THE PRONOUN
, , , , .
.
Personal Pronouns
| ' Personal pronouns Subject form | ' Personal pronouns Object form |
| I | me |
| you | you |
| he | him |
| she | her |
| it | it |
| we | us |
| you | you |
| they | them |
I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they them .
|
|
|
Mary isnt in the office today. She is on sick leave. I called her in the morning.
he , . she , . , he she , , , , .
My dog Barney is so sweet! He s only fourteen months.
it , , , , baby, child, .
A baby needs its mother.
.
subject object object
↓ ↓ ↓
Jack called yesterday. He told me that his boss had offered him to head the companys branch in Warsaw.
, . , .
They thanked Alex for the job done and paid him a productivity bonus. (NOT and paid a productivity bonus)
My colleague has always been very helpful and supportive. (NOT My colleague he has always been very helpful and supportive.)
ϳ 䳺-' ' .
Who broke my vase? It wasnt me, Mum! It was him!
, ' .
Who said that? Me.
' + 䳺.
Who said that? I did.
as than.
Jane goes to the same university as me. ( ).
Jane goes to the same university as I do. ( ).
it ( ):
) , :
It didn't often rain there. It 's five o'clock. It 's 10 km from the sea.
) , :
Whos the man in black? Its our new director.
) , that:
It s important to be there on time.
It s no use trying to explain anything to her.
It s a shame that he didnt tell you the truth!
) it , 䳿 :
I passed the most difficult exam yesterday. It made me so happy.
) it nothing, everything, something anything:
Everything happens when you dont expect it.
) :
Oh, its so lovely here!
) :
It seems that / It appears that - , ...
It looks like - , .
It is said that - , .
It doesnt matter , .
It there?
There :
) . , it.
There is meeting this evening. It will start at seven.
There was an accident yesterday. Fortunately, no one was hurt in it.
) :
There are some letters for you on the desk.
) , , lot of, many, much, more, enough:
There were a lot of problems to discuss.
Will there be enough food?
ij to be there . :
|
|
|
There is a lot of noise in the street. There are some people outside.
-
Indefinite Personal Pronouns
, , :
You:
In Denmark you often eat sandwiches for lunch.
Practice what you preach. ( ' . : , .)
We ( ):
We often eat lunch in a bit of a hurry.
They:
They are building a new ring road. (they = authorities)
They have discovered a new treatment for this disease. (they = scientists)
They say it will be very cold this winter (They say , )
They , , .
If anyone calls for me, ask them to leave message, please.
One:
One should knock before entering somebodys room ( . - You should knock.)
Reflexive Pronouns
, , . -self -selves.
| 1- | myself | ourselves |
| 2- | yourself | yourselves |
 himself
| 
| |
| 3- | herself | themselves |
| itself | ||
| oneself |
myself, yourself 䳺 (behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, kill,look at . .), ', ' 䳿 .
We went out of the sea and dried ourselves.
䳺-' be, feel, look, seem .
She hasnt been herself recently.
䳺 (wash, shave, dress, undress, meet, rest, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up) .
She woke up and dressed. : The little girl is washing herself.
ϳ ' , .
She looked behind her. (NOT behind herself)
ϳ , , . , , , , , , .
The people themselves are very friendly, but the country is poor and dirty.
The manager spoke to me herself. (: The manager herself spoke to me.)
Do it yourself and youll understand how its important.
' - .
Enjoy yourselves! (= Have a good time!)
Behave yourself! (= Be good!)
He likes being by himself. (= He likes being alone.)
She lives by herself. (= She lives on her own.)
By myself, by yourself, by himself, etc. (= on my own, on your own, on his own etc)
Help yourself to tea. (= You're welcome to take some tea if you want some.)
Make yourself at home! (= Feel comfortable.)
Make yourself heard. (= Speak loudly enough to be heard by others.)
Make yourself understood. (= Make your meaning clear.)
ADJECTIVE
(the Adjective) , : What/what kind of..? / ...? , 䳺- be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, taste, get, become, grow, remain, stay, keep.
We are planning to place a large order with this firm.
Please send all goods available.
Our contract is/seems/appears very profitable.
The prices are getting higher every month.
, a -, glad, ill, well ( , , ), 䳺-, :
The baby was asleep (. The sleeping baby moved and started crying).
He looked afraid.
She felt alone.
He is not well, he s still ill.
, .
: big, long, strict, old, green .
: beauti ful, hope less, un natur al .
: black-eyed, first-class, light-blue .
, , , , , , , , .
A twenty-year-old man (NOT a twenty-years old man);
a two-metre hole; a three-day trip; a fifty-pound dress.
|
|
|
, :
| a- | , | amoral |
| anti- | antisocial | |
| auto- | autobiographical | |
| dis- | disloyal | |
| extra- | extraordinary | |
| hyper- | hypercritical | |
| in- (im- p; il- l; ir- r) | incomplete, insensitive; impossible; illegal; irrespective | |
| inter- | international | |
| multi- | multicultural | |
| over- | over-confident | |
| post- | post-modern | |
| pre- | pre-war | |
| pro- | pro-American | |
| semi- | semi-conscious | |
| sub- | subconscious | |
| super- | supernatural | |
| trans- | transatlantic | |
| ultra- | ultramodern | |
| un- | uncertain | |
| uni- | unilateral |
, :
| ( , ) | ||
| -able | , | drinkable,changeable, understandable |
| -al | , | practical |
| -ent | different | |
| -ed | , | green-eyed |
| -ful (, -less) | ; , | useful |
| -ic | , | electric |
| -ical | logical | |
| -ish | 1) ; 2) | 1) childish; 2) Swedish |
| -ive | impressive | |
| -less | hopeless | |
| -like | businesslike | |
| -ly | , | friendly |
| -ous | , ; | dangerous |
| -ward | backward | |
| -y | wealthy |
