1. Digestion is the process of
2. Absorption is .
3. The digestive system consists of the parts of the body involved in .
4. There are four basic types of digestive systems: .
5. A monogastric digestive system has .
6. Concentrates are .
7. The avian digestive system is found in .
8. The crop is.
9. The proventriculus is .
10. The gizzard is.
11. The ruminant digestive system is found in .
12. Ruminants are different from monogastric animals in .
13. The rumen is.
14. The reticulum is .
15. The omasum is .
16. The abomasum is.
Exercise 6. Translate the following words and phrases into English.
; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 7. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.
1. Cows are () animals. It means they have more than one ( ). 2. The ruminant animals () their food ( ) it at first.
3. () food components then travel into the cloaca. 4. The avian () is where the food is stored and soaked. 5. The first and largest section of the ruminant () is (). 6. ( ) and digestive () are mixed with feed in the omasum. 7. Animals with this type of digestive system are better adapted to eat rations high in ( ). 8. The digestive system consists of the parts of the body involved in ( ) feed.
Exercise 8. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word given below.
Rumen Microorganisms
Ruminants rely on microorganisms for the digestion of . The rumen microorganisms are very diverse and consist of . Bacteria are the most numerous rumen microorganisms, at approximately one billion bacteria per milliliter of rumen fluid. Bacteria are responsible for most feed in the rumen. They break down cellulose to form volatile fatty acids1 (VFAs). The VFAs provide the ruminant with 60 to 80 percent of its needs. Protozoa are typically responsible for about 25 percent of the fiber digestion in the rumen, even though a ruminant can survive without any protozoa in the rumen. Fungi contribute up to 8 percent of the total rumen. Fungi are responsible for the digestion of cellulose2 and lignin3 in more resistant , such as barley straw.
(microorganisms; bacteria, protozoa, and fungi4; roughages; forages; energy; digestion)
Notes
1. Volatile fatty acids -
2. Cellulose -
3. Lignin - - ,
4. Fungi -
Exercise 9.Translate the following sentences into English.
1. . 2. . . 3. . . 4. . 5. , , . 6. : . 7. , .
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Exercise 10. Test yourself by answering the following questions to see how much you remember and understand.
1. Name the four basic types of digestive systems.
2. What type of feedstuff is high in energy and low in fiber?
3. What type of feedstuff is low in energy and high in fiber?
4. Name three examples of monogastric animals.
5. How do poultry break their food into smaller pieces?
6. List the four compartments of the ruminant stomach.
7. Name three examples of ruminant animals.
8. What is the most prevalent microorganism found in the rumen?
9. Name three examples of pseudo-ruminant animals.
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
| abdominal (cavity) n | [æbˈdɒm.ɪ.nəl] | |
| accessory adj | [əkˈsesərɪ] | |
| amylase n | [ˈæmɪleɪz] | () |
| anus n | [ˈeɪnəs] | |
| cavity n | [ˈkæv.ɪ.ti] | |
| gland n | [ ɡlænd ] | |
| grasp v | [ ɡrɑːsp ] | |
| duodenum n | [ˌdjuːəˈdiːnəm] | |
| enzymatic adj | [ˌenzaɪˈmetik] | |
| jejunum n | [ ʤɪˈʤuːnəm ] | |
| ilium n | [ˈɪliəm] | |
| layer n | [ˈleɪə] | |
| nutrient n | [ˈnjuːtriənt] | |
| palate n | [ˈpælət] | |
| pancreas n | [ ˈpæŋkriəs ] | |
| peristalsis n | [ˌperɪˈstælsɪs] | |
| salivary adj | [ˈsælɪvərɪ] | |
| starch n | [ stɑːtʃ ] | |
| tear v | [ˈteə] | , |
| tongue v | [tʌ ŋ] |
TEXT B
