| thiamine | [ ˈθaɪ.ə.miːn ] | |
| riboflavin | [ˈraɪbəʊˈfleɪvɪn] | |
| niacin | [ˈnaɪəsɪn] | |
| pyridoxine | [pɪrɪˈdɒksɪn] | |
| pantothenic acid | [pæntəˈθenɪk ˈæsɪd] ] | |
| biotin | [ˈbaɪətɪn] | |
| folic acid | [ˈfəʊɪlk ˈæsɪd] | |
| benzoic acid | [benˈzɒɪk ˈæsɪd] | |
| choline | [ˈkɒlɪn] |
TEXT B
NUTRIRION IN ANIMALS
Read the text. Use the data from the text to complete the scheme that shows possible classification of nutrients.
Nutrition is the study of the organic process by which an organism assimilates and uses food and liquids for normal functioning. A nutrient is any element or compound, which is necessary for an organisms metabolism, growth, development or other function. There are six major classes of nutrients: water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins. They are classified into the two main groups: 1) substances that provide energy (carbohydrates, proteins and fats); 2) substances that support metabolism (minerals, vitamins and water). Nutrients can be obtained from various sources. Common sources of nutrients for agricultural animals include roughages and concentrates. Roughages include feed that is high in fiber and low in energy, such as grasses, hays, and silages. Concentrates include feed that is high in energy and low in fiber, such as grains.
Water is vital for all animals and makes up more than one-half of most animals bodies. It forms the basis of fluids in the body and is essential for processes such as digestion, blood circulation, and waste elimination. Water helps dissolve nutrients and also regulates body temperature through perspiration and evaporation.
Protein is made up of amino acids that are necessary for healthy animals. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein, and are used for the formation of tissues and muscle production. Protein is needed for healthy growth, reproduction, and maintenance. Protein can be obtained from both plant and animal sources. Crude protein refers to the total amount of protein in a feed while digestible protein is the protein that can be digested and used by an animal.
Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide the main source of energy for activities the body performs. Carbohydrates provide energy for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. They also help produce body heat for warmth. Carbohydrates come from plants and include sugars, starches, and cellulose. Carbohydrates like cellulose, starch, and glycogen need to be split into glucose and other monosaccharides.
Fats or lipids. Although fats are needed in small amounts they are a necessary part of the diet. Fats provide energy and store excess energy. Fats help produce body heat and carry fat-soluble vitamins in the body. Many sources of proteins are also sources of fats. Fats are found in both plants and animals. Fats need to be split into fatty acids and glycerol.
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Minerals provide material for growth of bones, teeth, and tissue, and also help regulate many of the bodys chemical processes. Minerals also help in muscular activities, reproduction, tissue repair, and body heat. Although mineral intake may account for a small portion of the total diet, it is essential. Minerals can be categorized as macrominerals or microminerals. Macrominerals are needed in larger amounts by the body, and microminerals are needed in smaller amounts. Macrominerals include calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur. Microminerals include chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iron, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, and zinc.
Vitamins are essential for normal body functions such as digestion, cell metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Like minerals, they are also needed in relatively small quantities. Vitamins are fat soluble or water soluble. Water soluble vitamins are dissolved in water, and fat soluble vitamins are dissolved in fat. Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B-complex.
| Nutrients | |||||
| Substances that provide energy | Substances that support metabolism | ||||
| Proteins | ................ | ................ | ............. | Vitamins | ............. |
Exercise 1. Expand the given statements using the information from the text.
1. Water is vital for all animals.
2. There are two main groups of nutrients.
3. Protein is necessary for healthy animals.
4. Carbohydrates are nutrients that provide the main source of energy.
5. Small amounts of minerals are required by all living organisms in their diet every day.
6. Vitamins are essential for normal body functions.
Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.
1. Nutrition is the study of
2. A nutrient is .
3. Common sources of nutrients for agricultural animals are.
4. Roughages include .
5. Water is essential for processes such as .
6. Protein is made up of .
7. Amino acids are .
8. Carbohydrates are nutrients that .
9. Carbohydrates need to be split into .
10. Glucose and other monosaccharides are .
11. Fats need to be split into .
12. Minerals provide material for .
13. Minerals can be categorized as .
16. Vitamins are essential for normal body functions such as.
Exercise 3.Translate the following words and phrases into English.
; ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .
Exercise 4. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.
1. A nutrient is any element or ( ) which is necessary for an organisms metabolism. 2. ( ) include feed that is high in fiber and low in energy, such as grasses, (), and (). 3. Water helps () nutrients and also regulates body temperature through () and (). 4. Protein is needed for healthy growth, reproduction, and ( ). 5. Fats help produce body heat and carry ( ) in the body. 6. Fats need to be split into ( ) and (). 7. Mineral () may account for a small portion of the total diet. 8. Macrominerals are needed in larger () by the body. 9. Water soluble vitamins () in water.
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Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. - , . 2. . 3. , , . 4. , . 5. , . 6.
, , . 7. .
Exercise 6. a) Study the usage of the words amount and quantity.
Amount - , -.; , , . , , .
Quantity - ; . , .
b) Translate the word-combinations into English.
, , , , , , .
Exercise 7. Use the following table to make a report on the role of vitamins in animal nutrition.
| Vitamin | The importance of vitamin for animals health | The source of vitamin |
| Vitamin A | Growth, reproduction, milk production, resistance to respiratory infections | Animals may convert carotene into vitamin A; green-growing grasses are rich in carotene |
| Vitamin D | Enables animals to use calcium and phosphorus; a deficiency causes rachitis () in young growing animals | The ultraviolet rays of sunlight produce vitamin D from the provitamin in the skin; feeding hay crops; certain fish oils |
| Vitamin E | For normal hatching of egg; in preventing muscle stiffness ( ) and dystrophy in lambs, calves, and chicken | In certain plant oils and the leaves of green vegetables |
| B- complex vitamins | Less important for ruminant animals ( ); but very young calves, poultry, swine, and other simple-stomached animals require the B vitamins in their diets | The bacteria in the rumen synthesize these vitamins |
| Vitamin C | Unimportant for animals, but prevents scurvy () in humans and guinea pigs | Can be synthesized in the bodies of other animals |
| Vitamin K | Usually unimportant | Is synthesized by bacteria in the intestinal tract ( ) |
Exercise 8. Test yourself by answering the following questions to see how much you remember and understand.
1. What does nutrition study?
2. What is a nutrient?
3. How many major classes of nutrients are there?
4. What groups of nutrients do you know?
5. What are the common sources of nutrients?
6. What is water needed for?
7. What are proteins needed for?
8. What are proteins made up of?
9. From what sources can proteins be obtained?
10. What do carbohydrates provide?
11. From what sources can carbohydrates be obtained?
12. What do carbohydrates break down into?
13. What do lipids provide?
14. What do lipids turn into?
15. What can mineral deficiency cause?
16. What can vitamin deficiency cause?
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Exercise 9. Search the following website for information about the role of minerals in animal nutrition http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab470e/ab470e06.htm
Consider the significance () of the minerals, the source of the minerals and health problems caused by the deficiency of these minerals in animals.
UNIT 5
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
| abomasum n | [ˌæbəˈmeɪsəm] | |
| absorption n | [ əbˈzɔːp.ʃən ] | |
| avian | [ ˈeɪvɪən ] | |
| belch up v | [ beltʃ ] | |
| break down v | [ breɪk ] | |
| ecum n | [ˈsiːkəm] | |
| hew v | [ tʃuː] | |
| concentrate n | [ ˈkɒnsntreɪt] | ( ) |
| crop n | [ krɒp] | |
| ud n | [kʌd] | |
| digestion n | [ daɪˈdʒestʃən ] | |
| esophagus n | [ ɪˈsɒfəɡəs ] | |
| feedstuff n | [ ˈfiːdstʌf ] | |
| fermentation n | [ fɜːmenˈteɪʃn ] | |
| forage n | [ ˈfɒrɪdʒ ] | , |
| gizzard n | [ ˈgɪzəd ] | () |
| hydrochloric acid | [ haɪdrəˈklɒrɪk ˈæsɪd ]] | |
| monogastric adj | [ˈmɒnəʊ ˈɡæstrɪk ] | |
| omasum n | [ əˈmeɪsəm] | |
| pouch n | [ paʊtʃ ] | |
| proventriculus n | [ˌprəʊvenˈtrɪkjuləs] | , |
| pseudo-ruminant adj | [ sjuːdəʊ ˈruː.mɪ.nənt] | - () |
| reticulum n | [ rɪˈtɪkjuləm ] | ( ) |
| roughage n | [ ˈrʌfɪdʒ ] | |
| rumen n | [ ˈruːmɪn ] | |
| ruminant adj | [ˈruː.mɪ.nənt] | () |
| species n | [ˈspiː.ʃiːz ] | |
| stomach | [ ˈstʌmək ] |
TEXT A
