1. are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients.
2. Carnivores dont need molars for grinding food, so they have teeth that slice meat these are called .
3. Most omnivores are not able to eat some hard- .
4. Incisors are the teeth on the in the very front that can cut food.
5. Many large herbivores have within their guts to assist with the breakdown of cellulose.
6. According to their they can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.
Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences. Choose the ending according to the text.
1. Herbivores are animals that
2. Carnivores are animals that .
3. Omnivores are animals that .
4. Incisors are .
5. Molars are .
6. Symbiotic bacteria are.
7. Canine teeth are .
8. Obligate carnivores are.
9. Facultative carnivores are.
Exercise 5. Translate the derivatives. Make up your own sentences with some of these words.
1. Diet, dietology, dietic, dietarian, dieting.
2. Hunt, hunter, hunting, hunted, to hunt.
3. Bite, biter, biting, to bite.
4. Nutrition, nutrient, nutritious, nutritive, nutritional. *
5. Obligate, obligation, obligated, obligating.
Notes
, nutritious , , (e.g. nutritious ration ; highly nutritious ), nutritive, nutritional : , , , (e.g. nutritional content/qualities - ; nutritional supplement - ; nutritive losses - ; nutritive base - )
Exercise 6. Translate the following words and phrases into English.
; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ;
Exercise 7. Give the English equivalents of the Russian words in brackets.
1. Many herbivores do not have upper (), and they cut the plants with their lips instead. 2. All herbivores need their () for () the mouthfuls of food. 3. Carnivores need long () so they can grip and kill () quickly. 4. Many large herbivores have ( ) within their guts to assist with the ( ). 5. Carnivores have a shorter () than herbivores. 6. ( ) are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food. 7. ( ) are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their ( ). 8. Herbivores have long and complex digestive tracts to allow enough space and time for ( ) to occur.
Exercise 8. a) Study the meanings of the combinations with the word as.
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| As well | , |
| As well as | , |
| Such as | (-,-,-), |
| Asas | (), |
| Not so as | , , |
| As to | |
| The same as | , |
b) Translate the sentences using an appropriate combination.
1. , .
2. , , , , .
3. .
4. , . , .
5. , .
6. , .
Exercise 9.Translate the following sentences into English.
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. - , .
Exercise 10. Test yourself by answering the following questions to see how much you remember and understand.
1. Name the basic types of animals according to their eating strategies.
2. From what food do herbivores get their energy?
3. From what food do carnivores get their energy?
4. From what food do omnivores get their energy?
5. What types of teeth do herbivores have?
6. What types of teeth do carnivores have?
7. What bacteria do many large herbivores have within their guts to assist with the breakdown of cellulose?
8. What types of carnivores do you know? How do they differ?
9. Give examples of herbivores.
10. Give examples of carnivores.
11. Give examples of omnivores.
Exercise 10. Divide the group into 4 subgroups. Each group reads one of the texts given below. Exchange the information between the subgroups. Make up the list of omnivores from various ecosystems.
a) Omnivores in the Desert 1
Jerboas2, roadrunners3and rabbit eared bandicoot6are all omnivores in the desert ecosystem. The jerboa is a type of rodent that likes to eat plant seeds and insects. Roadrunners, a type of bird, sometimes likes to eat fruit but they also like to eat small rodents5The rabbit eared bandicoot also known as the bilby likes to eat fruits and plants but also likes to eat lizards6and insects.
Notes
1. desert [ ˈdezət ] -
2. jerboa [ dʒɜːˈbəʊə ] - c
3. roadrunners - -
4. rabbit eared bandicoot[ ˈræbɪt ɪəd ˈbændɪkuːt] - ()
5. rodent [ ˈrəʊdənt ] -
6. lizard [ˈlɪzəd ] -
b) Omnivores in the Water
In the water there are many carnivores and herbivores but there are also some omnivores. Catfish1, damselfish2, and parrotfish3are just some of the omnivores that live there. These fish eat phytoplankton and other smaller fish like shrimp4. There are also cleaner fish5. These fish feed on small plant and food pieces but they also feed on parasites. Parasites are tiny animals that feed on larger animals for their nutrients.
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Notes
1. catfish
2. damselfish [ˈdæmzlfɪʃ ] - -
3. parrotfish [ˈpær.ətfɪʃ ] - -
4. shrimp [ ʃrɪmp ] -
5. cleaner fish - -
c) Omnivores in the Forest
In the forest food chain different types of birds can be omnivores. The bird, whether it is a robin1or a blue jay2, is an omnivore because it eats seeds but it also eats worms. Other omnivores you see in the forest ecosystem are ants3, and mice.
Notes
1. robin [ ˈrɒbɪn ] -
2. blue jay - [ˈbluː ˈdʒeɪ ]
3. ant [ ænt ] -
d) Omnivores in the Arctic
In the arctic, the grizzly bear1is one type of omnivore. Here's an interesting fact: scientists have found that 75% of grizzly bears can live on plants alone. Though they seem to like plants, these bears also like to eat small rodents, insects and honey. Arctic ground squirrels2are also omnivores in the arctic, they like to eat any plant food but they also like to eat insects.
Notes
1. grizzly bear [ ˈɡrɪzlɪ ˈbeə ] -
2. ground squirrel [ɡraʊnd ˈskwɪrəl]
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
| assimilate v | [ əˈsɪmɪleɪt ] | , |
| carbohydrates n pl | [ ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt ] | |
| cellulose n | [ ˈseljʊləʊs ] | |
| compound n | [ ˈkɒm.paʊnd ] | () |
| crude protein | [ kruːd ˈprəʊtiːn ] | |
| digestible adj | [ daɪˈdʒestəbl̩ ] | |
| grain n | [ ɡreɪn ] | |
| hay n | [ˈheɪ] | |
| elimination n | [ ɪˌlɪm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən ] | , |
| evaporation n | [ ɪˈvæpəˈreɪʃən ] | |
| fat-soluble adj | [ fæt-ˈsɔljʊbl] | |
| fatty acids | [ ˈfæti ˈæsɪd ]] | |
| glucose n | [ ˈɡluː.kəʊs ] | |
| glycerol n | [ ˈɡlɪsərɒl] | , |
| glycogen n | [ ˈɡlaɪkəʊdʒən ] | |
| intake n | [ ˈɪnteɪk ] | |
| macromineral n | [ ˈmækrəʊ ˈmɪnərəl ] | |
| maintenance n | [ ˈmeɪntɪnəns ] | () |
| monosaccharide n | [ ˌmɒnəʊˈsækəraɪd ] | |
| micromineral n | [ ˈmaɪkrəʊ ˈmɪnərəl] | |
| perspiration n | [ ˌpɜːspərˈeɪʃən ] | |
| roughage n | [ ˈrʌfɪdʒ] | |
| silage n | [ ˈsaɪlɪdʒ ] | |
| starch n | [ stɑːtʃ ] |
