Participle I Participle II
IV III
(
/.
writing written
working worked -
reading read -
, .
(The Participle)
, , . .
| Participle | Indefinite | Perfect |
| Active Passive | asking , being asked , | having asked having been asked |
I :
) , :
Studying advertising materials, our manager found out many interesting things.
, .
Not knowing the main principles of the agreement the director refused to sign it.
, .
He read the letter talking to somebody on the phone.
, - .
) :
Last week my secretary sent you the letter showing the prices of our products.
.
II ( ) ).
Thank you for the fax sent by you on November 18.
, 18 .
Give me the signed contract.
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1) , I:
Example: companies which operate in the USA
Ô companies operating in the USA
companies which operate on this market
companies which deal with the UK
companies which deal in gold
trust which deals in securities
branch which deals in this region
parent company which controls the money flow
2) Present Prticiple :
to perform, to get, to enter, to study, to establish, to invest, to grow, to change, to give
1. I:
Example: the price which the goods are sold
Ô the selling price
the countries which export these goods
the countries which import these goods
the countries which manufacture these goods
the companies which manufacture these goods
the demand which is growing
the prices which are rising
the production which is growing
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the brands which exist
3) :
an improved product, an improved packaging, an improved design, a changed label, packaged goods, canned drinks
, , - , . , , . if .
, . , :
I-() - ( Present Indefinite; Future Indefinite. ).
If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car.
, .
, , if, () , .
I-() - ( Subjunctive II-2 (should + ); Future Indefinite.).
If I should have a lot of money, I will buy a car.
( , ) , .
should , , . , , , , " ".
II - ( Subjunctive I (Past Subjunctive); Subjunctive II-1 (would + ).
If I had a lot of money, I would buy a car.
, .
, , "" "". , , - , .
III - ( Subjunctive I (Past Perfect Subjunctive); Subjunctive II-3 (would + Perfect ).
If I had (Id) had a lot of money, I would have bought a car last year.
, .
, .
( Subjunctive I (Past Past Perfect Subjunctive); Subjunctive II-1,3 (would + Perfect ).
If I had (Id) had a lot of money yesterday, I would buy a car now.
, .
If I earned a lot, I would have bought a car long ago.
, .
II- III- . , + " ".
1) 1 6 f.
1. Ill be really surprised a. if ha passes all his exams.
2. Ill take a break b. when the teacher isnt in the classroom.
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3. If you talk to Ruth, c. theyll cancel the flight.
4. Its really cold d. when I finish this exercise.
5. If the storm doesnt stop, e. when the wind blows from the north.
6. The children always behave badly f. will you tell her about the party?
2) :
2. If I dont see you later, I ___ (send) you a text message.
3. If you didnt have to work, what ___ (you / do)?
4. Jenny will be happy to help if you ___ (have) any problems.
5. If you ___ (wait) a minute, I can help you with those bags.
6. I wouldnt do that if I ___ (be) you.
7. They ___ (do) anything if you gave them enough money.
8. What ___ (you / do) if the bus doesnt come?
9. How would you react if it ___ (happen) to you?
3) :
is
1. If the train will be cancelled, I can come and get you in the car.
2. When Bob gets home before 8 p.m. this evening, Ill ask him to call you.
3. Watch out! Youll fall and hurt yourself if youre careful.
4. If you cant come tomorrow, must you call to let me know.
5. If your company would offer you a job in another country, would you take it?
6. If it was an English-speaking country, I took the job.
7. If they was my children, Id ask them to play more quietly.
8. If you need something, please to call me.
department - ,
production - ,
sales representative -
financial standing -
turnover -
Board of Directors -
business proposal -
to propose (to offer) smth to smb - -
Draft (of) Contract -
to establish personal contacts
to investigate thoroughly -
headquarter - -
deputy -
permanent or temporary staff
advantage of bilateral cooperation
supplier -
amount of suppliers -
to be in great demand -
to make a deal -
to cancel the deal -
to check and clarify the information
to come to an agreement -
delivery under a contract -
delivery schedule -
to fix a price -
exhibition -
leading manufacturer - -
legal adviser -
long-tern credit -
terms of delivery -
terms of payment -
Private Limited Company (PLC) -
Personal contacts have become the most efficient means of promoting a better understanding in all spheres of human activity nowadays.
Businessmen usually keep in touch through correspondence or telephone call, but major problems can be solved only through personal meeting. Since a business trip is usually limited in time a businessman makes the arrangements prior to his departure. He can fix an appointment by phone or by cable. Its customary for businessmen to draw a tentative programme.
Its essential to be punctual in business, if you cannot keep the appointment, you should notify your partner in advance and fix a new date.
Mr. Petrenko is at Continental Equipment office. He is having an appointment with the managers of this company.
Good morning, gentlemen! How are you?
Fine, thanks. And how are you getting on?
Very well, thank you.
Let me tell you about our company. As you know, Mr. Petrenko, we produce process equipment. Our firm consists of 6 departments
According to your legal status, are you PLC?
Right, we are Our management are the meeting of shareholders and the Board of Directors. Currently we employ about 1600 people. Our turnover is more than
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£ 300 million.
You will work with our Export Department. We export our equipment to five countries all over the world. Besides, we have two daughter companies in Holland and Germany with headquarters in those countries.
Are they your subsidiaries or branches?
They are our subsidiaries. Each company trades under its own name. But we are looking for new partners in eastern Europe as well. We would like to expand our activity. So Mr. Cartwright went to Moscow to establish personal contacts with your company. Before we knew it only by correspondence. Have you read all our correspondence with your Director?
Yes, we have. We investigated thoroughly your business proposal.
Have you got our price-lists and catalogues with you?
Yes, they are with me as well as copies of your letters. I expect to make Draft Contract.
All right. Let us get down to business. Today and tomorrow we were going to talk about terms of payment and delivery.
Right. And the day after tomorrow well be talking about packing and transportation.
Then I plan to go to London, there will be three days. As you know, there will be an Exhibition. Will you join me?
Yes, with pleasure. It would be very helpful for the purpose of my visit.
1) 10 . :
Doing Business in the United States
When you have a business meeting in the United States, come to the appointment on time. Americans consider it extremely bad manners to be late. You may be offered coffee, and then you should immediately announce the reason for your visit. It is important to speak directly and clearly about your subject. Be prepared to discuss details and be ready to answer questions. If yo
ur host disagrees with you, he will say so, and you may disagree with him too politely, of course!
Key words:
appointment announce details
consider important ready
extremely directly disagrees
offered clearly politely
immediately prepared
2) :
Its the 23rd of December, 10 oclock in the morning. Mr. Smith has come to the Ministry for Foreign Economic Relations. Now Smirnov is meeting Mr. Smith in the conference room.
Good morning, Mr. Smirnov.
Good morning, Mr. Smith. Will you take a seat?
Thank you. Its very frosty in Moscow now, isnt it?
Yes, it has been very cold this month.
How is your business, Mr. Smirnov?
Fine, thank you. Weve justed selling machines of a new model and weve received a lot of orders for them.
Yes, we know that. We have studied your latest catalogues closely and we are interested in buying some machines of this model.
Glad to hear that. The new model is certainly good. Its of very high quality.
Well, Mr. Smirnov, Id like to look through your contract form.
Here you are, Mr. Smith.
Thank you very much. Lets meet again next Wednesday and discuss the terms of the contract.
All right. Good-bye for now.
Good-bye.
3) :
1. What company are you from?
2. Do you sell or buy goods?
3. What goods do you sell to foreign companies?
4. Are these goods of high quality?
5. Do your goods always meet the requirements of your customers?
6. Have you discussed any business matters this week?
7. What matters have you discussed?
8. With whom have you discussed these matters?
9. Have you received many or few orders or the goods?
10. How many machines would you like to buy?
4) :
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Tips on Business Meetings: Groundrules
A top tip on holding business meetings is to use groundrules. You can develop a set of ground rules for a meeting, to ensure that people understand the terms of engagement during a meeting. Here are a few example groundrules to get you started:
Only one person at time talking
Meetings will start and finish on time
Confidential information will stay in the room
No jargon or in-talk
No discussion of ideas until all ideas heard
Encourage full participation from all attendees
Keep discussion on topic, and focused
If you agree to do something, do it.
If you cant attend, send a suitable, informed, delegate instead.
You get the idea you can use some, none or all of these ideas for ground-rules, just make sure they work for the people in the room.
5) :
1. How do you understand the meaning of Groundrules?
2. Do you agree with all these rules?
3. What rules would you like to add?
GOLDEN RULES for writing letters
1. Give your letter a heading it will help the reader to see at once what youre writing about.
2. Decide what you are going to say before you start to write or dictate: if you dont do this, the letter is likely to go on and on until you can think of a good way to finish. In other words, always try to plan your letter ahead.
3. Use short sentences.
4. Put each separate idea in a separate paragraph. Numbering each paragraph may help the reader to understand it better.
5. Use short words that everyone can understand.
6. Think about your reader. Your reader
must be able to see exactly what you mean:
your letters should be CLEAR;
must receive all the necessary information:
your letters should be COMPLETE;
is likely to be a busy person with no time to waste:
your letters should be CONCISE;
must be addressed in a sincere, polite tone:
your letters should be COURTEOUS;
may get a bad impression if there are mistakes in grammar, punctuation and spelling:
your letters should be CORRECT.
Indicating the state of the market
There is a brisk demand here for high-quality sports shirts of the type you manufacture.
Demand for this type machine is not high, but sales this year will probably exceed ₤25,000.
These fancy goods are in demand during the tourist season (late May to early September), but for the rest of the year sales are moderate, and often rather low.
There is no market here for articles of this type in the higher price ranges, but less expensive models sell very well throughout the year.
You can count on a brisk turnover if prices are competitive and deliveries prompt.
Asking for information
Will you please send us your catalogue and price list for
Will you be please quote prices c.i.f. Amsterdam for the following items in the quantities stated:
We would be glad to receive specifications of your new SE11 typewriter, together with your current export price list and details of trade discounts.
We are also interested in your terms of payment and in discounts offered for regular purchases and large orders.
If we place orders with you we will have to insist on prompt delivery. Can you guarantee delivery within three weeks of receiving orders?
We would appreciate a sample of each of the items listed above.
Closing sentences
We are looking forward to hearing from you.
We would appreciate a prompt answer.
As our own customers are pressing us for a quotation, we hope you will be able to make us an offer within a fortnight from todays date.
We hope to hear from you shortly.
Since the season will soon be under way, we must ask you to reply by the end of this month.
| 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) .. 6) 7) 8) |
6) :
Three months ago Soyuzimport received an enquiry for compressors from their customers. Stepanov went to Britain on business to have talks with Brown and C who sell compressors of high quality. When he came to London he made an appointment with Mr. Morris from Brown and C on Tuesday at 11. He agreed to the delivery terms and payment for collection. But the price was not attractive to Stepanov and he asked to give them a discount on the price. Mr. Morris could offer him only 2% discount as their goods were in great demand. When the businessmen discussed all the matters they signed the contract.
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7) :
1. What was the reason to go to London for Stepanov?
2. Why could Mr. Morris offer only 2% discount?
8)
Contracts
After the prospective buyer receives the offer he carefully studies it. Then, very often, he has a few talks exchanges letters with the prospective seller. After the two parties come to an agreement about terms and conditions of the transaction they sign a contract.
Contracts usually contain the following information:
date of the contract
place or city
reference number
names of the buyer and the seller
description of the goods
price and the total value
terms of delivery
terms of payment, etc.
9)
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The Sales Department 12 May, 19..
Southern Importers Ltd.
Dane Street
Northam
Southampton S09 4YQ
Dear Sirs,
We are a large record store in the centre of Manchester and would like to know more about the tapes and cassettes you advertised in this months edition Hi Fi News. Could you tell us if the cassettes are leading brand names, or made by small independent companies, and if they would be suitable for recording classical music or only dictations and messages?
It would also be helpful if you could send us some samples.
If they are of the standard we require, we will place a substantial order.
We would also like to know if you are offering any trade discounts.
We are looking forward to hearing from you in the near future.
Yours faithfully,
J. Allen
Director
A.X.C. Records ltd.
10)
