1. . . . . 2. . . . . 3. - . 4. . 5. . . 6. ? 7. ? 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. ? 16. . 17. . 18. 3 . 19. , . 20. .
, Active Passive Voice.
1. The letter (to receive) yesterday. 2. Nick (to send) to Moscow next week. 3. I (to ask) at the lesson yesterday. 4. Many houses (to build) in our town every year. 5. We (to invite) to a concert last Sunday. 6. My question (to answer) yesterday. 7. Many houses (to burn) during the Great Fire of London. 8. At the last competition the first prize (to win) by our college. 9. The report (to discuss) at the next conference. 10. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 11. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 12. The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (to understand) by all of us. 13. I hope the invitation (to accept) by everyone. 14. He (to give) me this book next week. 15. I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 16. The hostess said me that one more guest (to expect). 17. This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now. 18. Two new lawyers just (to introduce) to the head of the department.
Passive Voice.
1. The students greeted the famous lecturer warmly. 2. The students finished their translation in time. 3. Mother has made some coffee. 4. They have told her the truth. 5. She promised us an interesting entertainment. 6. I shall finish my work about seven oclock. 7. Somebody has opened the door. 8. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 9. Some of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 10. They were selling new students books in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 11. She has told us a lot of interesting things about our future project. 12. We discussed the matter several days ago. 13. Why have you put my books on this table? 14. Snow will cover the fields in winter. 15. We received this letter after his departure. 16. They are selling delicious fruit ice-cream there now. 17. They offered her some interesting work. 18. We have been waiting for you the whole morning. 19. We shall insist on strict discipline. 20. They teach three foreign languages at this college.
4. , :
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find sold thought
buy lay laid
seek taught found
think sought bought
teach found seen
lay bought brought
bring saw sold
see brought sought
sell thought taught
proprietorship -
to own -
owner -
sole proprietorship -
partnership - ,
profit -
profitable - ,
unlimited liability -
real estate -
to establish -
share - , ,
shareholder/stock-holder -
to issue stock -
advantage -
to invest -
research -
to include -
volume -
corporation -
to run a company -
overseas -
to expand - ( )
to hold a meeting -
a board of directors -
to choose the companys officers
annual meeting -
insurance -
to distribute profits and losses
enterprise - , ,
distributing enterprise -
financially autonomous enterprise
joint venture -
non-profit enterprise -
parent company -
subsidiary company -
, . . ?
75% .
75% .
100 .
.
- , c .
Individual Proprietorship (.)
Sole Proprietorship (.)
Partnership
Corporation (.)
Company (.)
Types of proprietorship
1. A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.
2. A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are limited partners. Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting industries, etc.
3. A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stock-holder. There are several advantages of the corporate form of ownership. The first is the ability to attract financial resources. The next advantage is the corporation attracts a large amount of capital, it can invest it in plants, equipment and research.
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In Britain there are only a few successful large companies, but many successful small companies. The large companies often invest a lot money in research and development. Successful small manufacturing companies in Britain often make expensive products. These companies are successful because they use first-class materials, have excellent quality control and the workers are proud of what they make. They include J. Barbour & Sons, which make waterproof jackets; the Morgan Motor Company which makes elite cars; Quad Electroacustics, which makes top-quality hi-fi equipment.
Many foreign companies have opened factories in Britain. The Japanese car company Nissan opened a car factory near Sunderland in 1986. Toyota and Honda also have their main European factories in Britain. The Korean electronics company Samsung opened a factory in Sunderland in 1995. All major car manufactures in Britain are owned by foreign companies. Rover is owned by the German company, B. M. W. The foreign companies give jobs to many local people.
1) :
1. What do you want to be busy with?
2. Do you want to go into business alone or with a partner?
3. With what partner do you get along well?
4. Imagine you run a shop. What will you do to attract customers?
5. Do you need to consult a lawyer, to make a right choice when starting the business?
6. Are you a careful person or do you like to run a risk?
7. What services and skills can you contribute in your business?
2) :
, , , , , , , , , , , , .
3) :
stock credit
job share
loan overseas
owner work
in other countries proprietor
shareholder stockholder
4) :
1. Partnership very often receive from the government.
2. Limited partnership is a common form of ownership in .
3. Partnership have many , one is that they receive tax benefits from the government.
4. are the partners with unlimited liability.
5. has the authority in management but he is not known to public.
6. A secret partner takes part in .
7. General partners have .
8. One advantage of a partnership is that it offers a multiple source of .
9. A partnership can bring much to the partners
5) , .
Dialogue
| - We intend to organize a joint venture. - What is the principal goal of it? - To develop a commercial linkage between the Western company and our industrial enterprise. - Thats clear, but you havent mentioned what the joint venture is going to produce. - It will produce computers. - And what are the business objectives? - The principal business objectives are: to establish direct marketing to consult and assist the domestic production to advise and assist to the organization of export programs | - . - ? - . - , , . - . - ? - : . |
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6) :
| i | p | a | a | n | c | e | j | o | b | p |
| h | i | d | r | n | o | i | t | a | r | r |
| s | n | v | u | d | c | o | r | p | o | o |
| r | v | a | s | n | a | p | x | e | e | p |
| e | e | n | n | e | v | o | l | u | m | r |
| n | s | t | i | d | u | l | c | n | i | i |
| t | t | a | g | e | s | e | r | h | p | e |
| r | p | t | e | a | r | c | h | s | i | t |
| a | r | i | s | h | a | r | e | i | h | o |
| p | o | f | e | s | t | a | b | l | s | r |
| c | r | e | d | i | t | r | e | n | w | o |
7) :
Should you have a partner?
It is best to make your decision concerning whether to have a partner by preparing a "for" and "against" list. The most common reasons for joining with another person to start the business:
There is safety in numbers. In other words, you have two heads instead of one to discuss and make decisions. In the words of Solomon: "Two can accomplish more than twice as much as one. If one fails, the other pulls him up; but if a man falls when he is alone, he's in trouble. And one standing alone can be attacked and defeated, but two can stand back-to-back and conquer. Three is even better, for a triple-braided cord is not easily broken."
You will not need to be at the business at all times. You will have someone else who will be there to share the load and permit you to take a vacation and have sick time.
You will also have a highly motivated co-worker, not just someone who is earning a paycheck.
Partners can also be advantageous when they have complementary skills.
It may be necessary to have a partner to contribute capital and share the risk when things do not proceed as planned.
Some of the arguments against having a partner:
You will have to share the rewards if the business is successful.
You will lose total control over the business, particularly if you and your partner have difficulty in making decisions.
You will have to share the recognition that will come if the business is successful.
A partner can be a disaster if his or her judgment is not good.
You run the risk of a falling out and perhaps the necessity of one partner buying the other out if dissention arises.
Some of the things to consider in deciding whether a particular person will make a good partner are whether you have similar work habits, similar objectives concerning how to run the business and whether your strong points are similar or complementary. For example, different capabilities permit you to spread the workload and provide better coverage for problems.
Different capabilities may permit you to give each partner a veto over important decisions in his or her area of expertise to help maintain stability and eliminate conflicts. Finally, you may want to consider whether you should have a buy-sell agreement in the event of a disagreement, and how the purchaser will pay for the portion of the business he or she is buying (and whether you should fund the buy-sell agreement with insurance in the event of the death of a partner).
:
decision ,
to concern , ,
to prepare
instead of .-.
to accomplish ,
to fail , ,
to defeat
to permit ,
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complementary ,
skills , ,
to contribute ,
to proceed ,
recognition , ,
to spread
workload
coverage , ,
a veto
expertise
to maintain , ,
8) :
What type of business would you like to have?
Why do you prefer this type of business?
How do you think what laws can affect you?
9)
Laws that may affect you
There are many laws that are applicable to owners of small businesses. It is best to consult with professionals to determine which laws will be applicable to you, what permits you will need to commence business and where to go to comply with the various rules. Your attorney should be able to assist you in complying with labor laws such as the employment of minors, illegal aliens and workplace safety rules. Your accountant should be able to assist you in filing:
Income tax returns
Franchise tax returns
Employment tax returns
The time for payment of withheld and employers share of employment taxes
Unemployment tax returns and payment
Your attorney may be able to help with requirements for business licenses, including special licenses for particular businesses as well as building codes and permits for remodeling and zoning laws, health department requirements and environmental laws.
:
applicable , ,
to determine ,
to commence
to comply
attorney ,
to withhold ,
10) Passive Voice :
Applicable to owners, small businesses, business licenses.
11)
THE TOP TEN DO'S
1) Use a "For" and "Against" list when deciding if and whom you should have as a partner.
2) If considering a partner, look for someone with complementary skills to your own.
3) If you take on a partner, have a buy-sell agreement in place before you start.
4) Consult with a lawyer when deciding on what form of business best suits your needs.
5) Use an intellectual property lawyer to protect your intellectual property rights: your trade name, company name, logo, etc.
6) Outsource your payroll responsibilities to a payroll service provider.
7) Establish a tax deferred pension plan for yourself and your employees.
8) Collect referrals about lawyers, accountants and insurance agents before retaining them.
9) Use your attorney to assist you in maintaining compliance with changing labor laws.
10) Join a local service organization such as the local chamber of commerce.
THE TOP TEN DON'TS
1) Use a general partnership if you intend to limit your liability.
2) Start a corporation without the help of a qualified attorney.
3) Sell stock in a corporation without an attorney and governmental approvals.
4) Fail to pay your payroll tax liabilities on time. You are personally liable.
5) Sign a lease or important agreements without your lawyer's advice.
6) Start your business without retaining an accountant and having an accounting system in place.
7) Start a business with a handshake agreement.
8) Become a general partner without understanding the unlimited liability incurred.
9) Rely on your corporation as protection from personally guaranteed liabilities.
10) Fail to take the advice of your lawyer and accountant seriously.
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agreement ,
to suit , ,
to outsource
payroll ,
to differ ,
pension
referral , ,
to retain ,
compliance ,
to chamber
to approve
lease ,
handshake
incurred
12) :
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1. the act or fact of agreeing
2. to accept as satisfactory
3. a paymaster's or employer's list of those entitled to pay and of the amounts due to each
4. the act, action, or an instance of referring
5. to keep in possession or use
6. the act or process of complying to a desire, demand, proposal
7. Synonyms: accommodate, bestow, billet, bivouac, board, bunk, camp, house
8. to be unlike or distinct in nature, form, or characteristics
9. a contract by which one conveys real estate, equipment, or facilities for a specified term and for a specified rent
13)
What is a business plan?
The primary function of a business plan is to create a written outline that evaluates all aspects of the economic prospects of either a start-up or an operating business. We believe that preparing and maintaining a business plan is important for any business regardless of its size or nature. But it will not insure your success. If you maintain a correct assessment of the changing economics of your business, your plan will provide a useful roadmap as well as a financing tool. But if you have miscalculated the potential, then your business plan could become a roadmap leading to failure.
Why prepare a business plan?
Your business plan is going to be useful in a number of ways:
First and foremost, it will define and focus your objective using appropriate information and analysis.
You can use it as a selling tool in dealing with important relationships including your lenders, investors and banks.
Your business plan can uncover omissions and/or weaknesses in your planning process.
You can use the plan to solicit opinions and advice from people who are in your intended field of business. Too often, entrepreneurs forge ahead ("My Way!") without the benefit of input from experts who could save them from potentially disastrous mistakes.
To encourage you to start arranging appointments with advisors, use the following template to create a people-to-see list. We also provide a larger blank template at the end of this session. People to see include investors, family members, your banker, lawyer, attorney, business mentors, trusted business friends, potential customers, competitors, potential landlords, and you local SBA office.
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evaluate
regardless , ,
assessment ,
provide ,
foremost ,
omission ,
solicit , ,
entrepreneur
disastrous , ,
encourage , ,
arrange , ,
appointment , ,
template ,
mentor , ,
competitor
landlord ,
SBA
14) :
1. What is the primary function a business plan?
2. Why is the plan often called My way?
3. Can you imagine and describe the structure of business plan?
4. How do you think what is the function of SBA?
15)
