I. 5. Classification of the English Verb

I. 1. The General Meaning of the Verb.

The verb is a part of speech which denotes an action (“walk”, “speak”, “play”), process (“sleep”, “wait”, “live”) or relation (“consist”, “resemble”, “lack”).

 

I. 2. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb in English.

Here are the grammatical categories of the English verb:

FINITUDE →

Finite forms

vs.

Non-finite forms (Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I (the Present Participle), Participle II (the Past Participle))

 

Finite forms always perform the function of the predicate of the sentence. They have the following grammatical categories:

 

1. PERSON → 1^{s t} vs. 2^nd vs. 3^rd

2. NUMBER → Singular (sg) vs. Plural (pl)

3. TENSE → Past vs. Present vs. Future

4. ASPECT → Continuous vs. Non-continuous

5. PHASE → Perfect vs. Non-perfect

6. VOICE → Active vs. Passive

7. MOOD → Indicative vs. Imperative vs. Oblique * (Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II,

Suppositional & Conditional)

 

* According to Academician V.V. Vinogradov’s conception.

 

Non-finite forms perform a variety of functions in the sentence. *

 

* Non-finite forms are to be looked into in the corresponding part of this work. Here we just mention their functions.

 

The infinitive may be the subject, the predicative (i.e. part of a compound predicate), the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier of purpose or result. Cases when it may be treated as the predicate of the sentence are very few.

The infinitive has the following grammatical categories:

1. ASPECT → Continuous vs. Non-continuous

2. PHASE → Perfect vs. Non-perfect

3. VOICE → Active vs. Passive

Gerund may be the subject, the predicative (i.e. part of a compound predicate), the object, the attribute, the adverbial modifier of time, manner, cause, attending circumstances and some others. Its grammatical categories are:

1. PHASE → Perfect vs. Non-perfect

2. VOICE → Active vs. Passive

Participle I (the Present Participle) may be part of a Continuous Tense verb-form, the attribute or the adverbial modifier of time, manner, cause, attending circumstances and some others. Here are its grammatical categories:

1. PHASE → Perfect vs. Non-perfect

2. VOICE → Active vs. Passive

 

Participle II (the Past Participle) may be part of a Perfect Tense verb-form, part of a Passive Voice verb-form, the attribute or the adverbial modifier of time, manner, condition, concession. It has no grammatical categories, i.e. it is unchangeable.

 

I. 3. Basic Verb Forms.

Following the list of the grammatical categories of the verb-forms, we can make up a set of all possible grammatical forms of a verb – the so-called “grammatical paradigm of a verb”.

Here is the paradigm of the finite forms of the verb “give” (an irregular verb) (Indicative Mood only): “I give. ” “He gives. ” “I am giving. ” “He is giving. ” “We are giving. ” “I have given. ” “He has given. ” “I have been giving. ” “He has been giving. ” “I am given. ” “He is given. ” “We are given. ” “I am being given. ” “He is being given. ” “We are being given. ” “I have been given. ” “He has been given. ” “I gave. ” “I was giving. ” “They were giving. ” “I had given. ” “I had been giving. ” “I was given. ” We were given. ” “I was being given. ” “We were being given. ” “I had been given. ” “I shall give. ” “He will give. ” “I shall be giving. ” “He will be giving. ” “I shall have given. ” “They will have given. ” “I shall be given. ” “He will be given. ” “I shall have been given. ” “He will have been given. ”

 

Can you explain the grammatical meaning of the given verb-forms?

The present paradigm enables us to single out the three basic verb-forms used to build all possible synthetic and analytical verb-forms: 1. “give” – the plain stem of the verb (the infinitive without the particle “to”), 2. “gave” – the Past Simple Tense form, 3. “given” – the Past Participle form.

On top of these, some grammarians also mention the fourth verb-form as well – 4. “giving” – the Present Participle form, but it can hardly be termed basic since it is made up after the pattern “give + -ing”.

N.B. Regular verbs have homonymous forms of the 2nd (the Past Simple Tense) and the 3^{rd (}the Past Participle) forms. They are built up after the pattern “V + -ed”, e.g. “wish – wished – wished”.

 

I. 4. Spelling of “-ing”, “-ed” and “-(e)s” Verb-forms.

Pronunciation of “-ed” and “-(e)s” Verb-forms.

 

V + -ing –Participle I and Gerund Verb-forms

 

Before adding “-ing”

1) The mute “-e” is dropped

E.g. “skate – skating”

N.B. By way of exception the rule does not apply to the verbs “dye – dyeing” and “singe – singeing” so as to differentiate them from the ing-forms of “die – dying” and “sing – singing”.

2) The final single consonant letter is doubled if it is preceded by a single vowel letter of a stressed syllable.

E.g. “stop – stopping”, “nod – nodding”, “permit – permitting”, “refer – referring”.

But “look – looking”, “limit – limiting”.

N.B. In British English the final “-l” and, in some words, “-p” are always doubled after a single vowel letter, whereas in American English they stay single. Keep in mind that Microsoft Office programmes stick to the rules of American English spelling.

E.g. “travel – travelling (Br. E.) / traveling (Am. E.),

“worship – worshipping (Br. E.) / worshiping (Am. E.).

3) The final “-ie” changes into “-y”

E.g. “lie – lying”, “die – dying”.

 

V + -ed – Participle II Verb-form

The inflexion “-ed” is added to the stem of the verb, but one should mind the following:

1) Only “-d” is added to stems ending in “-e”

E.g. “skate – skated”, “free – freed”

2) The final “-y” changes into “i” if preceded by a consonant but remains unchanged when it follows a vowel.

E.g. “cry – cried”, “reply – replied”, “play – played”, “stay – stayed”.

3) The final single consonant letter is doubled if it is preceded by a single vowel letter of a stressed syllable.

E.g. “stop – stopped”, “admit – admitted”

But “looked”, “limited”.

N.B. In British English the final “-l” and, in some words, “-p” are always doubled after a single vowel letter, whereas in American English they stay single.

E.g. “travel – travelled (Br. E.) / traveled (Am. E.),

“worship – worshipped (Br. E.) / worshiped (Am. E.).

 

The suffix “-ed” is pronounced in three ways:

1) [ɪd] when the stem of the verb ends in the dental consonants [d] or [t].

E.g. “skate – skated ['skeɪtɪd]”, “decide – decided [dɪ'saɪdɪd].

2) [d] when the stem ends in

a voiced consonant (except [d]), e.g. “live – lived ['lɪvd]”,

a sonant (sonorant) – [w, r, j, l, m, n, ŋ], e.g. “travel – traveled ['træv(ə)ld],

or a vowel, e.g. “stay – stayed [steɪd].

3) [t] when the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (except [d]).

E.g. “talk – talked [tɔ:kt]”, “stop – stopped [stɔpt]”.

 

V + -(e)s – The 3^rd person singular Present Simple Tense Verb-Form

 

There are spelling and pronunciation rules for the “-(e)s” forms of verbs.

“-s” is added in the majority of cases, e.g. “speak–speaks”, “bring–brings”, “define–defines”, and is pronounced [-s] after voiceless consonants and [-z] after voiced consonants, sonants (sonorants) and vowels.

 

“-es” is added:

1) if the inflexion is pronounced as a separate syllable, which is necessary when the marker of plurality “-s” is to be dissociated from the preceding sibilant (the consonants [t∫, dʒ, ∫, ʒ, s, z] by means of [ɪ]: “fetch – fetches [fet∫ – 'fet∫ɪz]”, “rush – rushes [rʌ∫ – 'rʌ∫ɪz]”.

However, if a verb already ends in an “-e”, only “-s” is added in spelling: “lose – loses [lu:z – 'lu:zɪz]”, “catch – catches [kæt∫ – 'kæt∫ɪz]”.

2) if the verb-stem ends in “-y” preceded by a consonant, “-y” changes to “-i” and the suffix “-es” is added: “worry – worries”, “marry – marries”, “fly – flies”, “try – tries”.

But if the stem of the verb ends in “-y” preceded by a vowel, there is no changing of “-y” and only “-s” is added: “play – plays”.

3) if the stem of the verb ends in “-o”: “go – goes [gəʊ – gəʊz]”, “do – does [du: - dʌz]”.

 

I. 5. Classification of the English Verb.

In order to master the use of the English verbs one should differentiate between the following classes of verbs.

1. Terminative vs. Durative

Предельные ↔ Непредельные

Terminative verbs imply a limit beyond which the action cannot continue.

e.g. “open”, “close”, “bring”, “break”.

Durative verbs imply no such limit with the action going on indefinitely.

e.g. “live”, “speak”, “know”, “sit”.

 

2. Dynamic (Actional) vs Stative (Statal)

Динамичные (Активного Действия) ↔ Статичные (Состояния)

Dynamic verbs denote actions and as such admit of the Continuous forms.

Stative verbs denote a variety of states – those of physical perceptions (“hear”, “see”, etc.); emotions (“respect”, “like”, “love”, “adore”, “dislike”, “hate”, etc); wish (“wish”, “want”, “desire”, etc); results of mental activity (“doubt”, “know”, “mind” (“возражать”), “”recall”, “recognize”, “regard” (and its synonyms), “remember”, “trust”, “understand”, etc); relations (“apply”, “be”, “belong”, “concern”, “consist”, “contain”, “depend”, “differ”, “equal”, “fit”, “have”, “include”, “involve”, “lack”, “matter”, “need”, “owe”, “own”, “remain”, require”, etc.); and other miscellaneous states (“agree”, “allow”, “appear”, “astonish”, “claim”, “consent”, “envy”, “fail (to do smth)”, “find”, “forbid”, “forgive”, “intend”, “interest”, “keep (doing smth)”, “manage (to do smth), “mean”, “object”, “please”, “prefer”, “prevent”, “puzzle”, refuse”, “remind”, “satisfy”, “seem” (and its synonyms), “succeed”, “suit”, “surprise”, “tend”, “value”, etc) – and normally do not admit of the Continuous forms.

Due to polysemy some verbs can be dynamic in one meaning and stative in another, cf. “think” – “считать, полагать (что …)” and “обдумывать”.

 

3. Regular vs. Irregular

Правильные ↔ Неправильные

The regular verbs form their Past Simple Tense and Past Participle by means of the inflexion “-ed” added to the plain stem of the verb. This is the largest group going back to the Germanic week verbs, and the pattern “stem + -ed” is the productive one according to which all new verbs form their Past Simple Tense and Past Participle.

The irregular verbs have their fixed Past Simple Tense and Past Participle forms built after a variety of patterns going back to the Germanic strong verbs. These are about 250 in number, but they are the most frequent and indispensable.

Here are some examples of the possible three-forms-of-the-verb combinations:

 

“begin – began – begun”, “sing – sang – sung”

– different root vowel change in the 2^nd and the 3^rd forms;

 

“find – found – found”, “meet – met – met”

– the same root vowel change in the 2^nd and the 3^rd forms;

 

“write – wrote – written”, “blow – blew – blown”

– root vowel change in the 2^nd and the old inflexion “-(e)n” in the 3^rd form;

 

 

“lie – lay – lain”, “speak – spoke – spoken”

– root vowel change in the 2^nd and root vowel change combined with the old inflexion “-(e)n” in the 3^rd form;

 

“hear – heard – heard’, “sell – sold – sold”, “keep – kept – kept”, “mean – meant – meant”

– the same root vowel change in the 2^nd and the 3^rd forms combined with the inflexion “-d (-t)” in the 3^rd form;

 

“bend – bent – bent”, “build – built – built”, “lend – lent – lent”

– changing of the final “-d” into -t” in the 2^nd and the 3^rd forms;

 

“catch – caught – caught”, “leave – left – left”, “lose – lost – lost”, “have – had – had”

– the same root vowel change in the 2^nd and the 3^rd forms combined with some consonantal changes;

 

“cut – cut – cut”, “hurt – hurt – hurt”, “put – put – put”, “hit – hit – hit”

– the same form for all the three forms of the verb – i.e. homonymy of forms.

 

“run – ran – run”, “come – came – come”; “beat – beat – beaten”

– partial homonymy of forms – the 1^st and the 3^rd or the 1^st and the 2^nd;

N.B. “read – read – read” [ri:d – red – red] – a case of homography (i.e. the same spelling but different pronunciation;

 

“be – was / were – been”, “go – went – gone”

– entirely different root for the 2^nd form – the so-called “suppletion”;

 

“crow – crew – crowed”, “show – showed – shown”

– mixed formation – regular for one form and irregular for the other.

 

A number of verbs have both regular and irregular forms. In most cases the choice depends on whether we stick to the rules of British or American English.

E.g. the following verbs are irregular in British and regular in American English:

“burn – burnt (burned) – burnt (burned)”, “dream – dreamt (dreamed) – dreamt (dreamed)”, “lean – leant (leaned) – leant (leaned)”, “learn – learnt (learned) – learnt (learned)”, “smell – smelt (smelled) – smelt (smelled)”, “spell – spelt (spelled) – spelt (spelled)”, “spill – spelt (spelled) – spelt (spelled)”, “spoil – spoilt (spoiled) – spoilt (spoiled)”, “wake – woke (waked) – woken (waked)”.

The following verbs are irregular in American and regular in British English:

“fit – fit (fitted) – fit (fitted)”, “quit – quit (quitted) – quit (quitted)”, “wet – wet (wetted) – wet (wetted)”, “dive – dove (dived) –dived (dived)”.

The verb “get” has different Past Participle forms in British English – “got” and American English – “gotten” (except when in the combination “have got”).

 

4. Transitive vs. Intransitive

Переходные ↔ Непереходные

Transitive verbs require some kind of object to complete their meaning. They may be followed by: a) a direct object – an object immediately affected by the denoted action, e.g. “He always tells the truth. ”; b) a combination of a direct object and an indirect object – an addressee (recipient / beneficiary) of the denoted action, e.g. “He gave me a book. ”; c) a prepositional object – an object (a directly affected one or the addressee) collocated with the preceding verb with the help of a preposition (v + prep. + n), “Jane looks after her sister.”

Hence, the transitive verbs may be subdivided into: a) monotransitive, b) ditransitive and c) prepositional transitive verbs.

Intransitive verbs do not require some kind of object for the completion of their meaning, e.g. “The sun rises at the East.”

Only transitive verbs seem to be able to have Passive Voice forms, e.g. Active Voice: “He told me a story.” Passive Voice: “A story was told to me (by him).” – A Direct Passive. / “I was told a story (by him)”. – An Indirect Passive.

However, under some specific conditions, intransitive verbs do occur in passive constructions, e.g. “The bed has not been slept in”. “The house has not been lived in so far.”

 

5. Notional vs. Structural

Понятийные (Знаменательные) ↔ Структурные

Notional verbs always have a lexical meaning of their own an independent function in the sentence, e.g. “John lives in London. He lived in London during the war. Actually, he has been living since he was born.”

Structural verbs are always closely connected with some other words in the sentence. They are subdivided into auxiliary, modal, aspective (phasal), link (copulative) and structural verbs.

• Auxiliary verbs (“be”, “have”, “do”) are combined with non-finite verb-forms to build up analytical forms. They have lost their lexical meaning and bear a grammatical meaning only.

E.g. “I am trying to help you.” “ Do you know the traffic rules?” “The work is done.”

Modal and aspective (phasal) verbs go together with a non-finite form (a verbal) of another verb to form a compound verbal (modal and aspective – respectively) predicate.

• Modal verbs specify the speakers attitude to the action, e.g. “can” and “may” – ability to do smth., permission, request, prohibition, doubt; “must” – necessity, order, prohibition, certainty; etc. Together with an infinitive they form a compound verbal modal predicate.

E.g. “I can read and write.” “He must have been here before.” “You should take care of yourself.”

• Aspective (phasal) verbs specify the phase of the action – its beginning (“begin”, “start”), continuation (“continue”, “go on”, “keep”) or end (“stop”, “cease”, “give up”). When coupled with an infinitive or gerund (depending on the verb used) they make up a compound verbal aspective predicate.

E.g. “She started to sing.” “They kept looking at me.”

• Link (copulative / copula) verbs go together with a predicative (i.e. a noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, numeral, verbal, clause) to form a compound nominal predicate. They are used to denote a state (the so-called verbs of being: “be“, “feel”, “seem”, “appear”, “look”, “taste”, “smell”, “sound”), coming into a state verbs of becoming: “become”, “grow”, “turn”, get”, “make”) and keeping a state (verbs of remaining: “remain”, “keep”, “stay”).

E.g. “It is (feels, seems, looks, etc.) good.” “The man became (grew, turned) cold.”

N.B. There is a group of verbs which while retaining their full lexical meaning can also perform the function of a link verb. Here belong the verbs “sit”, “stand”, “lie”, “leave”, “return”, “live”, “die”, “fall”. When combined with a predicative they form a verbal nominal predicate.

E.g. “They lied motionless.” (= “They lied and were motionless.”)

“He died a hero.” (=“He died and he is a hero.”)

 

II. Глагол (The Verb): Личные Формы (Finite Forms)

Формы времён действительного залога (Active Voice Tense Forms)

 

II. 1. Простое (или Неопределённое) (Simple (or Indefinite))

II. 1. 1. Глагол “to be” («быть») является единственным глаголом, у которого имеются нестандартные временные формы в Настоящем и Прошедшем Простом (the Present & Past Simple tenses).

 

 

II. 1. 1. 1. TO BE: Present Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа + AM ('M)

Напр., I am good at maths.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + IS ('S)

Напр., He / She / It / is nice.

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + ARE ('RE)

Напр., We / You / They / are students.

 

* Как вы, может быть, заметили, здесь не упоминается подлежащее 2-го лица единственного числа. Причиной этого является то, что подлинное личное местоимение 2-го лица единственного числа (2^nd person singular) “thou” (“ты”) стало устаревшим и в наши дни имеет ограниченное употребление. Его заменитель “you”, хоть и употребляется при обращении к одному человеку, по своей сути является личным местоимением 2-го лица множественного числа (2^nd person plural).

 

N.B.: You are a student.

Вы / Ты / (есть) студент.

 

II. 1. 1. 2. TO BE: Past Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа + WAS

Напр., I / He / She / It / was in Berlin.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WERE

Напр., We / You / They / were right.

 

N.B.: You were right.

Вы были / Ты был / прав.

 

II. 1. 1. 3. TO BE: Future Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL BE ('LL BE)

Напр.,I / We / shall be at home at 6 o’clock.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL BE ('LL BE)

Напр., He / She / It / You / They / will be quiet.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL BE ('LL BE)

Напр., I / We / will be at home at 6 o’clock.

 

II. 1. 1. 4. TO BE: Present Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа + AM NOT (AIN'T – в просторечии)

Напр., I am not good at maths.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + IS NOT (ISN'T)

e.g., He / She / It / is not nice.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + ARE NOT

(AREN'T)

Напр., We / You / They / are not students.

 

N.B.: You are not a student.

Вы / Ты / не (есть) студент.

 

II. 1. 1. 5. TO BE: Past Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа + WAS NOT (WASN'T)

Напр., I / He / She / It / was not in Berlin.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WERE NOT (WEREN'T)

Напр., We / You / They / were not right.

 

N.B.: You were not right.

Вы были не правы. / Ты был не прав.

 

II. 1. 1. 6. TO BE: Future Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL NOT BE (SHAN'T BE)

Напр., I / We / shall not be at home at 6 o’clock.

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL NOT BE (WON'T BE)

Напр.,He / She / It / You / They / will not be quiet.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL NOT BE (WON'T BE)

Напр., I / We / will not be at home at 6 o’clock.

 

II. 1. 1. 7. TO BE: Present Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

AM +Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа

Напр., Am I good at maths? – Yes, I am. || – No, I am not.

IS + Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа

Напр., Is he / she / it / nice? – Yes, he / she / it / is. || – No, he / she / it / is not (isn’t).

 

ARE +Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа

Напр., Are we / you / they / students? – Yes, we / they / are.

– No, we / they / are not (aren’t).

 

N.B.: Are you a student? – Yes, I am. || No, I am not.

Вы студент?/ Ты студент? – Да (, я студент). || Нет (, я не студент).

II. 1. 1. 8. TO BE: Past Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

WAS + Подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа

Напр., Was I / he / she / it /in Berlin? – Yes, I / he / she / it was.

– No, I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t).

 

WERE + Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа

Напр., Were we / you / they / right? – Yes, we / you / they were.

– No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).

 

N.B.: Were you right? – Yes, I was.

– No, I was not (wasn’t).

Вы были правы? / Ты был прав? – Да (, я был (прав)).

– Нет (, я не был (прав)).

II. 1. 1. 9. TO BE: Future Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

SHALL + Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа +

BE

Напр., S hall I / we / be at home at 6 o’clock? – Yes, I shall.

– No, I shall not (shan't).

 

WILL +Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного, или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + BE

Напр., Will he / she / it / you / they / be quiet? – Yes, he / she / it / you / they will.

– No, he / she / it / you / they will not (won't).

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

 

WILL + Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного илимножественного числа + BE

Напр., Will I / we / be at home at 6 o’clock? – Yes, I will. || No, I / we / will not (won't).

N.B.: Могут быть сочетания отрицательного и вопросительного предложения:

Напр., Am I not good at maths? / Aren’t I good at maths?

Is he / she / it / not nice? / Isn’t he / she / it / nice?

Are we / you / they / not students? / Aren’t we / you / they / students?

Was I / he / she / it / not in Berlin? / Wasn’t I / he / she / it /in Berlin?

Were we / you / they / not right? / Weren’t we / you / they / right?

S hall I / we / not be there? / Shan't I / we / be there?

Will he / she / it / you / they / not be quiet? / Won't he / she / it / you / they / be quiet?

 

II. 1.2.Большинство глаголов строят свои формы настоящего и прошедшего простого времени следующим образом:

 

II. 1. 2.1. Present Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / we / you / they / work every day.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола + - (e)s

Напр., He / She / It / work s quite well.

 

II. 1. 2.2. Past Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

В утвердительной форме прошедшего простого у правильных глаголов есть окончание “-ed”, присоединённое к простой основе глагола.

 

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно) + простая основа смыслового глагола + -ed

Напр., I / he / she / we / you / they / work ed as a teacher.

 

У неправильных глаголов есть разнообразные формы Прошедшего Простого восходящие к старым традициям. Эти формы занесены в словарные статьи, посвящённые соответствующим глаголам. Их можно также найти в особых списках форм неправильных глаголов в словарях и учебниках английского языка.

Напр., I / he / she / we / you / they / went to work yesterday.

II. 1. 2.3. Future Simple (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL

('LL) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / We / shall do it tomorrow.

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного, или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., He / She / It / You / They / will return tomorrow..

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / We / will write to you regularly.

II. 1. 2.4. Present Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + DO NOT(DON’T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / he / she / we / you / they / do not (don’t) work every day.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + DOES NOT (DOESN’T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., He / She / It / does not (doesn’t) work quite well.

II. 1. 2.5. Past Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

 

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно) + DID NOT (DIDN’T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / he / she / we / you / they / did not (didn’t) work at the factory.

 

II. 1. 2.6. Future Simple (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL NOT (SHAN'T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / We / shall not (shan’t) do it tomorrow.

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL NOT (WON'T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., He / She / It / You / They / will not (won’t) return tomorrow.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL NOT (WON'T) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., I / We / will (won’t) write to you regularly.

II. 1. 2.7. Present Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

Do + Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., Do I / we / you / they / work every day? – Yes, I / we / you / they / do.

– No, I / we / you / they / do not (don’t).

 

Does + Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., Does he / she / it / work quite well? – Yes, he / she / it / does.

– No, he / she / it / does not (doesn’t).

II. 1. 2.8. Past Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

Did + Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно) + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., Did I / he / she / we / you / they / work at the factory?

– Yes, I / he / she / we / you / they / did.

– No, I / he / she / we / you / they / did not (didn’t).

II. 1. 2.9. Future Simple (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

SHALL +Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., S hall I / we / see them tomorrow? – Yes, you shall.

– No, you shall not (shan't).

WILL +Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., Will he / she / it / you / they / help you in any way?

– Yes, he / she / it / you / they will.

– No, he / she / it / you / they will not (won't).

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

WILL +Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + простая основа смыслового глагола

Напр., Will I / we / need to take my umbrella with me? – Yes, you will.

– No, you will not (won't).

N.B.:Имейте в виду, что только “shall” следует использовать в предложениях сделать что-либо.

Напр., Shall I help you? – Yes, please.

– No, thanks.

N.B.: Могут быть сочетания отрицательного и вопросительного предложения:

II. 2. Continuous (or Progressive)

Длительное (или Продолженное)

 

Группа длительных времён – это аналитические грамматические формы. Форма длительного времени состоит из структурного (формального) глагола (какая-либо форма “to be”), несущего только грамматическое значение, и знаменательного (понятийного) глагола (в виде причастия I (Participle I)):

 

BE + …ING

 

В российском языкознании эта модель обычно именуется расчленённая

(прерывистая) морфема.

 

Другими словами:

 

Соответствующая форма вспомогательного глагола “to be”, за которым следует причастие I * смыслового глагола

BE + Participle I

*В данном случае, мы имеем дело с так называемой неопределённой формой причастия I, т.е. простой основой глагола с окончанием “-ing”.

 

N.B.Имейте в виду, что длительные времена могу использоваться только с глаголами, называющими какие-либо действия (dynamic verbs) (напр., “to listen” («слушать»), “to look” («смотреть»)).

И, наоборот, глаголы, называющие какие-либо состояния (stative verbs) (напр., “to hear” («слышать»), “to see” («видеть»)), обычно не используются в длительных временах.

 

II. 2. 1. Present Continuous (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа + AM ('M) + …ING

Напр., I am listening to music.

(буквально: Я есть слушающий музыку. = т.е. Я слушаю музыку. (Сейчас я в процессе прослушивания музыки. Я начал слушать её некоторое время тому назад, слушаю в данный момент, и буду слушать какое-то время в будущем.)

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + IS ('S) + …ING

Напр., He / She / It / is working.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + ARE ('RE) + …ING

Напр., We / You / They / are reading.

 

II. 2. 2. Past Continuous (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа + WAS + …ING

Напр., I / He / She / It / was running from 4 to 5 yesterday.

Я / Он / Она / бежала с 4-х до 5-ти вчера.

N.B. “It” относится к неодушевлённому (в данном случае, очевидно имеется в иду какая-либо машина, механизм => Она (машина) ехала (или работала) с 4-х до 5-ти вчера.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WERE + …ING

Напр.,We / You / They / were sleeping the whole evening.

 

II. 2. 3. Future Continuous (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL BE ('LL BE) + …ING

Напр., I / We / shall be preparing for my exams at 6 o’clock tomorrow.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL BE ('LL BE) + …ING

Напр., He / She / It / You / They / will be crossing the Atlantic at this time in a week.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного + WILL BE ('LL BE) + …ING

Напр., I / We / will be will be crossing the Atlantic at this time in a week.

 

II. 2. 4. Present Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа + AM NOT (AIN'T) + …ING

Напр., I am not crying.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + IS NOT (ISN'T) + …ING

Напр., He / She / It / is not making any noise.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + ARE NOT (AREN'T) + …ING

Напр.. We / You / They / are not talking to you.

 

II. 2. 5. Past Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа + WAS NOT (WASN'T) + …ING

Напр.. I / He / She / It / was not getting in your way.

 

Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WERE NOT (WEREN'T) + …ING

Напр.. We / You / They / were not going home.

 

II. 2. 6. Future Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL NOT BE (SHAN'T BE) + …ING

Напр.. I / We / shall not be watching TV this whole evening.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL NOT BE (WON'T BE) + …ING

Напр.. He / She / It / You / They / will not be standing there when you come home tonight.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL NOT BE (WON'T BE) + …ING

Напр.. I / We / will not be standing there when you come home tonight.

II. 2. 7. Present Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное

предложение):

 

AM + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного числа + …ING

Напр.. Am I dreaming? – Yes, I am.

– No, I am not.

 

IS + Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + …ING

Напр.. Is he / she / it / working? – Yes, he / she / it / is.

– No, he / she / it / is not (isn’t).

 

ARE + Подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + …ING Напр.. Are we / you / they / eating? – Yes, we / they / are.

– No, we / they / are not (aren’t).

 

II. 2. 8. Past Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

WAS + подлежащее 1-го или 3-го лица единственного числа + …ING

Напр.. Was I / he / she / it / giving you any trouble? – Yes, I / he / she / it was.

– No, I / he / she / it was not (wasn’t).

 

WERE + подлежащее 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа+ …ING

Напр.. Were we / you / they / having a rest? – Yes, we / you / they were.

– No, we / you / they were not (weren’t).

 

II. 2. 9. Future Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

 

SHALL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + BE + …ING

Напр., S hall I / we / be having dinner with him at 6 o’clock tomorrow?

– Yes, I / we shall.

– No, I / we shall not (shan't).

 

WILL + подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL BE ('LL BE) + …ING + BE + …ING

Напр, Will he / she / it / you / they / be making so much noise this whole evening?

– Yes, he / she / it / you / they will.

– No, he / she / it / you / they will not (won't).

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

WILL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + BE + …ING

Напр., Will I / we / be having dinner with him at 6 o’clock tomorrow? – Yes, I will.

– No, I / we / will not (won't).

N.B.: Также возможны вопросительно-отрицательные предложения.

Напр., “Won't you be sleeping at this time tomorrow?”

II. 3. Perfect (Совершённое)

Группа совершённых времён – это аналитические грамматические формы. Форма совершённого времени, состоит из структурного (формального) глагола (какая-либо форма “to have”), несущего только грамматическое значение, и знаменательного (понятийного, смыслового) глагола (в виде причастия II (Participle II)):

 

HAVE + …EN *

 

* Здесь и ниже данное символическое обозначение формы относится к разнообразным формам Причастия II как правильных, так и неправильных глаголов.

В российском языкознании эта модель обычно именуется расчленённая

(прерывистая) морфема.

 

Другими словами:

 

Соответствующая форма вспомогательного глагола “to have”, за которым следует причастие II смыслового глагола

HAVE + Participle II

II. 3. 1. Present Perfect (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE + …EN

 

e.g., I / we / you / they / have seen this film.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + HAS + …EN

e.g., He / She / It / ha s been here since 1990.

 

II. 3. 2. Past Perfect (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно)+ HAD + …EN

e.g. I / he / she / we / you / they / had work ed for two hours when it got quite dark.

 

II. 3. 3. Future Perfect (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL ('LL) + HAVE + …EN

e.g., I / We / shall have done the work by the time you get back.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + HAVE + …EN

e.g., He / She / It / You / They / will have returned by 3 tomorrow afternoon.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + HAVE + …EN

e.g., I / We / will have written the report before you find any spare time to help us.

 

II. 3. 4. Present Perfect (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE NOT (HAVEN'T) + …EN

e.g., I / we / you / they / have not (haven’t) seen this film.

 

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + HAS NOT (HASN'T) + …EN

e.g., He / She / It / ha s not (hasn’t) been here since 1990.

II. 3. 5. Past Perfect (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число)+ HAD NOT (HADN'T) + …EN

e.g. I / he / she / we / you / they / had not worked for two hours when it got quite dark.

 

II. 3. 6. Future Perfect (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

 

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL NOT (SHAN'T) + HAVE + …EN

e.g. I / We / shall not (shan't) have done the work by the time you get back.

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL NOT (WON'T) + HAVE + …EN

e.g. He / She / It / You / They / will not (won't) have returned by 3 tomorrow afternoon.

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL NOT (WON'T) + HAVE + …EN

e.g., I / We / will not (won't) have written the report before it is time to go to bed.

II. 3. 7. Present Perfect (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

 

HAVE + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + …EN

e.g., Have I / we / you / they / seen this film? – Yes, I / we / you / they / have.

– No, I / we / you / they / have not (haven’t).

HAS + подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + …EN

e.g., Ha s he / she / it / been here since 1990? – Yes, he / she / it / has.

– No, he / she / it / has not (hasn’t).

 

II. 3. 8. Past Perfect (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

 

HAD + подлежащее (любое лицо и число)+ …EN

e.g. Had I / he / she / it / we / you / they / worked for two hours when it got quite dark? – Yes, I / he / she / it / we / you / they / had.

– No, I / he / she / it / we / you / they / had not (hadn’t.)

II. 3. 9. Future Perfect (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

SHALL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + HAVE + …EN

e.g. Shall I / we / have done the work by the time you get back?

– Yes, I / we / you shall.

– No, I / we / you shall not (shan't).

 

WILL + подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE + …EN

e.g., Will he / she / it / you / they / have returned by 3 tomorrow afternoon?

– Yes, he / she / it / you / they / will.

– No, he / she / it / you / they / will not (won't).

 

N.B.: Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

WILL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + HAVE + …EN

e.g., Will I / we / have written the report before it is time to go to bed?

– Yes, I / you / we / they / will.

– No, I / you / we / will not (won't).

 

N.B.: Также возможны вопросительно-отрицательные предложения.

 

 

II. 4. Perfect Continuous

Совершённое длительное

 

The Perfect Continuous Tenses are analytical grammar forms combining patterns of the two above mentioned tenses: the Perfect and Continuous ones. A Perfect Continuous Tense form consists of a structural verb (a “to have been” form) bearing a grammatical meaning only and a notional verb (in the form of the Participle I):

Группа совершённых длительных времён – это аналитические грамматические формы, объединяющие модели двух вышеупомянутых времён: совершённого и длительного. Форма совершённого длительного времени, состоит из структурного (формального) глагола (какая-либо форма “to have been”), несущего только грамматическое значение, и знаменательного (понятийного, смыслового) глагола (в виде причастия I):

 

HAVE BEEN + …ING

 

To put it another way:

 

The corresponding Perfect form of the auxiliary verb “to be” followed by the participle I form of the notional verb

Другими словами:

 

Соответствующая перфектная форма вспомогательного глагола “to have”, за которым следует причастие I смыслового глагола

HAVE BEEN + Participle I

II. 4. 1. Present Continuous Perfect (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

1^st person singular number or 1^st, 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + HAVE BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., I / we / you / they / have been waiting for two hours.

3^rd person singular number Subject + HAS BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + HAS BEEN + …ING

e.g., He / She / It / ha s been causing us some trouble since 1990.

 

II. 4. 2. Past Perfect Continuous (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

Subject (any person or number possible) + HAD BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно) + HAD BEEN + …ING

e.g. I / he / she / we / you / they / had been working for two hours when it got quite dark.

 

II. 4. 3. Future Perfect Continuous (positive sentence) (утвердительное предложение):

 

1^st person singular or plural number Subject + SHALL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., I / We / shall have been living here for a year next February.

 

3^rd person singular number or 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + WILL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., He / She / It / You / They / will have been working for quite a long time before you come back.

 

N.B.: The following pattern is also possible nowadays:

Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

1^st person singular or plural number Subject + WILL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN +

…ING

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + WILL ('LL) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

 

e.g., I / We / will have been learning English for a year when you find time to join me in my studies.

N.B.: Future Perfect Continuous forms are not frequent in real life.

Формы будущего совершённого длительного не часто встречаются в реальной жизни.

 

II. 4. 4. Present Perfect Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

1^st person singular number or 1^st, 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + HAVE NOT (HAVEN'T) BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE NOT (HAVEN'T) BEEN + …ING

e.g., I / we / you / they / have not (haven’t) been waiting for you but your friend.

 

3^rd person singular number Subject + HAS NOT (HASN'T) BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + HAS NOT (HASN'T) BEEN + …ING

e.g., He / She / It / ha s not (hasn’t) been causing you a lot of trouble for nothing.

II. 4. 5. Past Perfect Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

Subject (any person or number possible) + HAD NOT (HADN'T) BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно)+ HAD NOT (HADN'T) BEEN + …ING

e.g. I / he / she / we / you / they / had not been working for two hours when it got quite dark.

 

II. 4. 6. Future Perfect Continuous (negative sentence) (отрицательное предложение):

1^st person singular or plural number Subject + SHALL NOT (SHAN'T) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + SHALL NOT (SHAN'T) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., I / We / shall not (shan't) have been sitting there by the time you get back.

 

3^rd person singular number or 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + WILL NOT (WON'T) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + WILL NOT (WON'T) + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., He / She / It / You / They / will not (won't) have been getting on your nervesall your lifewhen you learn to look on the bright side of life.

II. 4. 7. Present Perfect Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

HAVE + 1^st person singular number or 1^st, 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + BEEN + …ING

HAVE + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного, или 1-го, 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + BEEN + …ING

e.g., Have I / we / you / they / been trying to save money enough to buy a car?

– Yes, I / we / you / they / have.

– No, I / we / you / they / have not (haven’t).

 

HAS + 3^rd person singular number Subject + BEEN + …ING

Подлежащее 3-го лица единственного числа + BEEN + …ING

e.g., Ha s he / she / it / been working here since 1990? – Yes, he / she / it / has.

– No, he / she / it / has not (hasn’t).

 

II. 4. 8. Past Perfect Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

HAD + Subject (any person or number possible) + BEEN + …ING

HAD + подлежащее (любое лицо и число, которое только возможно) + BEEN + …ING

e.g. Had I / he / she / it / we / you / they / working for two hours when the machine broke down?

– Yes, I / he / she / it / we / you / they / had.

– No, I / he / she / it / we / you / they / had not (hadn’t).

 

II. 4. 9. Future Perfect Continuous (interrogative sentence) (вопросительное предложение):

SHALL + 1^st person singular or plural number Subject + HAVE BEEN + …ING

SHALL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., Shall I / we / have been doing the work for a whole month by the time you want to help me? – Yes, you shall.

– No, you shall not (shan't).

WILL + 3^rd person singular number or 2^nd or 3^rd person plural number Subject + HAVE BEEN + …ING

WILL + подлежащее 3-го лица единственного или 2-го или 3-го лица множественного числа + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., Will he / she / it / you / they / have been living thereforfive years next June?

– Yes, he / she / it / you / they / will.

– No, he / she / it / you / they / will not (won't).

 

N.B.: The following pattern is also possible nowadays:

Следующая модель также возможна в наши дни:

WILL + 1^st person singular or plural number Subject + HAVE BEEN + …ING

WILL + подлежащее 1-го лица единственного или множественного числа + HAVE BEEN + …ING

e.g., Will I / we / have been doing the work for a whole month by the time you spare some time to help me?– Yes, you will.

– No, you will not (won't).

 

N.B.: There may be combinations of negative and interrogative sentence.