.
14
: . SQL .
2. : .
3. ( ): SQL , .
4. :
- :
, , , , (-11);
, , , , (-12);
- :
, , - ;
, ;
.
5. :
5.1 :
- cdo.krasgmu.ru.
Access SQL. ,
SQL (Structured Query Language ). SQL , , . SQL.
SQL , .
SQL?
SQL , . , Microsoft Office Access, SQL . SQL . , SQL , , ISO( ) ANSI( ).
SQL .
SQL , . SQL . , . SQL , Visual Basic (VBA) (VBA (Visual Basic for Applications). Microsoft Visual Basic, Microsoft Windows .).
|
|
, SQL, , :
SELECT
FROM
WHERE = '';
SQL , , . SQL, , DDL. DDL . . .
SELECT
SELECT SQL. , , :
, ;
;
, ;
, , ;
.
SQL
SQL , . SQL . . SQL, .
SQL | ? | |
SELECT | , . | |
FROM | , , SELECT. | |
WHERE | , , . | |
ORDER BY | . | |
GROUP BY | SQL, , , SELECT . | |
HAVING | SQL, , , , SELECT . |
SQL
SQL , . SQL.
SQL | |||
, , . | .[] | ||
, . | AS | ||
, , NULL. | |||
, , , . | >= .[] |
SQL: SELECT, FROM WHERE
SQL:
SELECT _1
FROM _1
WHERE _1
Access SQL. , , SQL , , .
|
|
SELECT (;). , SQL.
Access
, Access SQL .
SELECT
FROM
WHERE
SQL : " " ", , " "듻.
, , SQL.
SELECT
SELECT [ ],
SELECT. (SELECT), ([ ] ).
(, ), .
SELECT , , , , .
SELECT SELECT FROM.
FROM
FROM
FROM. (FROM), ().
FROM .
WHERE
WHERE =""
WHERE. (WHERE), (="").
SELECT FROM WHERE SELECT.
SELECT, FROM WHERE .
: ORDER BY
Microsoft Office Excel, Access . ORDER BY, . ORDER BY, SQL.
ORDER BY , , , .
, , , , , . ORDER BY :
ORDER BY DESC, [ ]
Access (A-Z, -, ). , DESC.
: GROUP BY HAVING
, . SELECT ( . , Sum, Count, Avg Var, .). , , SELECT :
SELECT COUNT([ ]),
.
, : GROUP BY
GROUP BY. GROUP BY , . , GROUP BY .
|
|
GROUP BY WHERE FROM, WHERE . GROUP BY , SELECT.
. SELECT [ ], GROUP BY :
GROUP BY
: HAVING
, , , , WHERE . HAVING. HAVING , WHERE, .
, , SELECT AVG ( ):
SELECT COUNT([ ]),
COUNT, WHERE. HAVING. , , , , HAVING:
HAVING COUNT([ ])>1
WHERE, HAVING, , , WHERE, , , HAVING.
: UNION
UNION , , .
UNION SELECT . SELECT . , , SELECT .
.
UNION, , , . ALL.
SELECT :
SELECT _1
FROM _1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT _a
FROM _a
;
, , , () Services (). , , , . , Services , ( ). :
SELECT , , _, _
FROM
|
|
UNION ALL
SELECT , , _, _
FROM S
;
5.3. :
SQL, cdo.krasgmu.ru.
5.4 :
- ;
- ;
- .
:
1. SQL?
2. SQL?
3. SELECT?
4. SQL ? ?
:
1. DELETE ( )
1) 0
2) 1
3) 0
4) 1
5)
2. , ,
1) SELECT
2) WHERE
3) ORDER BY
4) FROM
3. , , , SELECT.
1) SELECT
2) WHERE
3) ORDER BY
4) FROM
4. , , , .
1) SELECT
2) WHERE
3) ORDER BY
4) FROM
5. , .
1) SELECT
2) WHERE
3) ORDER BY
4) FROM
.
1
- . 10 000 . , - .
1) ?
2) ?
2
. 1 . .
1) , ?
2) , : ?
6. : - .