.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


,




: , . . , . , .

, , . , , : , , .

, . . . . 1 (. 1.1) 1 , , , .

1 = + , (1.1)

. . , , . 2, ,

2 = , (1.2)

, . , , .

, 1963 . , (). 1 , 1 () 1 2, . . 1 = 1 /12.

, - (1 = 103 ) (1 =
= 106 ). , , (1 =
= 105 = 105 /2).

:
(1 = 1 /2), (1 =
= 760 . .), . . 1.1 .

, . (), 1/273,16 .


1.1

. .
  10-5 1,01972∙10-5 0,986223∙10-5 750 ∙10-5
105   1,01972 0,986223 750,062
  0,980665   0,96784 1 735,550
  1,01325 1,03323   760,00
. . 133,3 1,333∙10-3 1,359∙10-3 1,316∙10-3  

 

, (, ) ; 273,16 K. 0,01 273,15 K.

, . , , , . , , t :

t = T 273,15. (1.3)

v . V (3), , , 3/,

. (1.4)

, , , /3:

. (1.5)

, 1 , , . . , 101325 (760 . .) 273,15 K (0 ºC), . 3.

, , , . , . , .

, - ( , ) , :

v = const. (1.6)

(1.6) , 1v1 = 2v2,

, (1.7)

. . .

. - , :

V = V0 (1 + a t), (1.8)

V, V0 t 0 C ;

, K 1.

t1 t2 V1 V2 (1.8), a :

. (1.9)

, -

= 0 (1 + a t), (1.10)

:

. (1.11)

- - - : , , v. ,

pv = RT, (1.12)

. , v . R , . .

(1.12) . , , , .

. . N1, m1, N2 m2. : , , .

.

1) M1 = N1 m1, M2 = N2 m2 . N1 = N2, M1 / M2 = m1 / m2. m , . m , . , 2 32 /, 28, 2 2 . .
m1 / m2 = m1 / m2 , , , , . .

. (1.13)

2) (1.13) 1 / m 1 = 2 / m 2, = / m. , , , : 1 = 2. V1 m1v1 1: V1 = m1v1K1. V2 = m2v2K2. V1 = V2, m1v1 = m2v2, , , :

mv = const. (1.14)

mv = 22,4 3/. . , m2 = 32 /, v2 = 0,7 3/,
mv = 32×0,7 = 22,4 3/.

R. (1.12) :

pmv = mRT. (1.15)

, mv ,

,

/(×K). (1.16)

. R :

,

/(×K). (1.17)

, , . , , . pi, , , n , :

. (1.18)

.

, . , . , , :

, (1.19)

R .

R :

, (1.20)

m .

m , . mi , m , . mi ri . n Mi, :

. (1.21)

, . ( ) , , Vi. (1.21) V:

. (1.22)

: .

mi ri :

. (1.23)

, .

. (1.24)

. (1.25)

, m (1.20) R, (1.19). . 1.2 , r i.

1.2

m, R, r, i,
8314
ri p

 





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