: , . . , . , .
, , . , , : , , .
, . . . . 1 (. 1.1) 1 , , , .
1 = + , (1.1)
. . , , . 2, ,
2 = , (1.2)
, . , , .
, 1963 . , (). 1 , 1 () 1 2, . . 1 = 1 /12.
, - (1 = 103 ) (1 =
= 106 ). , , (1 =
= 105 = 105 /2).
:
(1 = 1 /2), (1 =
= 760 . .), . . 1.1 .
, . (), 1/273,16 .
1.1
. . | |||||
10-5 | 1,01972∙10-5 | 0,986223∙10-5 | 750 ∙10-5 | ||
105 | 1,01972 | 0,986223 | 750,062 | ||
0,980665 | 0,96784 1 | 735,550 | |||
1,01325 | 1,03323 | 760,00 | |||
. . | 133,3 | 1,333∙10-3 | 1,359∙10-3 | 1,316∙10-3 |
|
|
, (, ) ; 273,16 K. 0,01 273,15 K.
, . , , , . , , t :
t = T 273,15. (1.3)
v . V (3), , , 3/,
. (1.4)
, , , /3:
. (1.5)
, 1 , , . . , 101325 (760 . .) 273,15 K (0 ºC), . 3.
, , , . , . , .
, - ( , ) , :
v = const. (1.6)
(1.6) , 1v1 = 2v2,
, (1.7)
. . .
. - , :
V = V0 (1 + a t), (1.8)
V, V0 t 0 C ;
, K 1.
t1 t2 V1 V2 (1.8), a :
. (1.9)
, -
= 0 (1 + a t), (1.10)
:
. (1.11)
- - - : , , v. ,
pv = RT, (1.12)
. , v . R , . .
|
|
(1.12) . , , , .
. . N1, m1, N2 m2. : , , .
.
1) M1 = N1 m1, M2 = N2 m2 . N1 = N2, M1 / M2 = m1 / m2. m , . m , . , 2 32 /, 28, 2 2 . .
m1 / m2 = m1 / m2 , , , , . .
. (1.13)
2) (1.13) 1 / m 1 = 2 / m 2, = / m. , , , : 1 = 2. V1 m1v1 1: V1 = m1v1K1. V2 = m2v2K2. V1 = V2, m1v1 = m2v2, , , :
mv = const. (1.14)
mv = 22,4 3/. . , m2 = 32 /, v2 = 0,7 3/,
mv = 32×0,7 = 22,4 3/.
R. (1.12) :
pmv = mRT. (1.15)
, mv ,
,
/(×K). (1.16)
. R :
,
/(×K). (1.17)
, , . , , . pi, , , n , :
. (1.18)
.
, . , . , , :
, (1.19)
R .
R :
, (1.20)
m .
m , . mi , m , . mi ri . n Mi, :
|
|
. (1.21)
, . ( ) , , Vi. (1.21) V:
. (1.22)
: .
mi ri :
. (1.23)
, .
. (1.24)
. (1.25)
, m (1.20) R, (1.19). . 1.2 , r i.
1.2
m, | R, | r, | i, | |
8314 | ||||
ri p |