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, , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , . , . . . , , .

, , , , , , 0,53-10-8 , . r = 0,53-10-8 , = 9,1-10-31 q - 1,6-10-19 . . . ; , . .

, , . . , .

, ( ) , :

h (h = 6,62-10-34 *);

ν ;

υ .

, v =υ/λ, :

(1.1)

:

(1.2)

; = 1, 2, 3,...

, :

ε= 8,85-10-12 /.

(1.3)

υ2 (1.2), (1.3), :

(1.4)

n = 1 r = 0,53*10 -8 .

- , , En.

(1.5)

(1.6)

(1.5) (1.3), :

(1.7)

(1.8)

(1.4) (1.8), :

(1.9)

m, q, h ε0, :

() = -13,6 . . , . , , , .

, , , , . , . , . , , ( ). , . .

. = 1, 2, 3 . . , . , , .

l . l = 0,1,2,..., (n-1). l = 0 . , l, . l = 0 s-, l = 1 -, l = 2 d-, l = 3 f-.

. = 0, 1, 2,..., l. l (2 *l + 1) - . l = 1 - -; l = 2 , d-; l = 3 f-.

s . . , +0,5 -0,5.

. ( = 1) , 1s2, 1 , s , 2 . ( = 2) s- (2s2), - (26). ( = 3) s- (3s2), - (6), d- (3d10) . .

:

◙ ;

◙ () .

, . . . 1s . : 1s1. . : 1s2. , 2s, 1s22s'. 1s22s2. 2, 1s22s22p1. 2. 2 , ls22s22p6. . , , Is22s22p63s23pfi. 6 4s, 4s 3d, 3d 4. :

1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s2.

. :

◙ () - 1s22s22p2;

◙ (Si) - 1s22s22p63s23p2;

◙ (Ge) - 1s22s22p63s23p4s23d104p2.

. , , , .





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