, , . , , , . , . , , . , , . , , . , . . . , , .
, , , , , , 0,53-10-8 , . r = 0,53-10-8 , = 9,1-10-31 q - 1,6-10-19 . . . ; , . .
, , . . , .
, ( ) , :
h (h = 6,62-10-34 *);
ν ;
υ .
, v =υ/λ, :
(1.1)
:
(1.2)
; = 1, 2, 3,...
, :
ε= 8,85-10-12 /.
(1.3)
υ2 (1.2), (1.3), :
(1.4)
n = 1 r = 0,53*10 -8 .
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- , , En.
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.5) (1.3), :
(1.7)
(1.8)
(1.4) (1.8), :
(1.9)
m, q, h ε0, :
() = -13,6 . . , . , , , .
, , , , . , . , . , , ( ). , . .
. = 1, 2, 3 . . , . , , .
l . l = 0,1,2,..., (n-1). l = 0 . , l, . l = 0 s-, l = 1 -, l = 2 d-, l = 3 f-.
. = 0, 1, 2,..., l. l (2 *l + 1) - . l = 1 - -; l = 2 , d-; l = 3 f-.
s . . , +0,5 -0,5.
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. ( = 1) , 1s2, 1 , s , 2 . ( = 2) s- (2s2), - (26). ( = 3) s- (3s2), - (6), d- (3d10) . .
:
◙ ;
◙ () .
, . . . 1s . : 1s1. . : 1s2. , 2s, 1s22s'. 1s22s2. 2, 1s22s22p1. 2. 2 , ls22s22p6. . , , Is22s22p63s23pfi. 6 4s, 4s 3d, 3d 4. :
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p67s2.
. :
◙ () - 1s22s22p2;
◙ (Si) - 1s22s22p63s23p2;
◙ (Ge) - 1s22s22p63s23p4s23d104p2.
. , , , .