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(Modal verbs)




Can

1. (). Can you swim? Could you swim when you were 5? ? , - 5 ?
2. . Can I leave? ?
3. , : ) ;   b) . a) Can (could) she be telling lies? Could (can) it be true? b) Can (could) he have done it himself? a) ? ?   b) () ?
4. , : ) ; b) . a) She cant be telling lies. b) He cant (couldnt) have done it. a) , . b) .
: - , -, , , can (could) fail Perfect Indefinite. Can (could) he have failed to get tickets? He cant (couldnt) have failed to get tickets. . , .

15.1. can . .

1. Can (could) Douglas be a good musician? 2. The film cant have been dubbed into Italian. 3. Can they be waiting? 4. I could help them but I am not sure they want me to. 5. When can I leave?

15.2. .

1. Can you lift this box? 2. Could he have left his opera glasses in the cloakroom? 3. What a pity we had no camera. We could have made a very good film. 4. Could I help you in any way? (in any way = -) 5. Could you tell me Mr. Brooks address? 6. You can use my car. 7. Can he have said it? 8. Could he have been at home all this time? 9. He cant be really ill. 10. Can she have told a lie?

 

May (might)

1. . May I come in? ?
2. , , (might ). She may (might) be sleeping. He may (might) have translated the article. , .   , , .  
3. ( - might). -, Perfect Infinitive. You might be more attentive. He might have helped you. The bag was very heavy. . . .

15.3. may (might) .

1. He might be at home. 2. He may be ill. 3. He may have fallen ill. 4. You may order a taxi by phone. 5. The director is alone now. You may see him for a moment. 6. You might have carried the box for me. 7. You might have helped me. 8. May I have a cup of coffee? 9. May I smoke here? 10. Peter might phone. If he does, could you answer? 11. I might get a job soon. 12. I wonder where Emma is. She may be with Nelly, I suppose. 13. Pollys very late. She may have missed the train. 14. You might have asked before you borrow my car. 15. She might have told me she was going to stay out all night. 16. You might try asking your uncle for a job. 17. He said he might order a taxi by phone. 18. It may rain.

 

Must

1. , . . must have. He must earn money.   You mustnt do it. He had to take up the challenge. Hell have to explain it to everybody. - . . . .
2. ( Perfect , ); must to be likely, to be unlikely, probably. Peter must be at home. He must have read this article. He must be working at the library.   He is unlikely to come. ϸ, , . , , . , / -, . .

15.4. .

1. You must talk to your son about his future. 2. We must see what can be done. 3. You mustnt miss the film. Its very interesting. 4. He must be over fifty. 5. You must come and see us. 6. Cars mustnt be parked in front of this gate. 7. She must know all about it. 8. I really must stop smoking. 9. I must ask you not to do that any more. 10. I must say he is right. 11. We must tell Mother. 12. You mustnt tell Ann. I dont want her to know. 13. The book is not on the shelf. Jane must be reading it. 14. Its six oclock. She must have come home. 15. He must have made a mistake. 16. He is unlikely to return. 17. They are unlikely to forget about it. 18. They must know how to divide their time between studies and rest. 19. Look! There is something on the table; he must have left you a message.

 

Have

1. , . The lift was out of order and we had to walk up. I have to get up early, because I live far from here. , . - , .

Be

, , , , . They are to meet at the entrance of the theatre. They were to meet at the station.   What are we to do next? . -. - ?
was/were Perfect Indefinite , . They were to have met us. ( ).

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I was to wait. ( ) . ( ; ).

I had to wait. ( ) . ( ; ).

15.5. , , . .

1. The negotiations () were to have taken place in January. 2. The proposal is to be discussed at a joint () conference. 3. They were to have met on the studio. 4. James was to speak on TV. 5. The program was to have been shown a few days ago. 6. Mr. Black was to have left a message for me.

15.6. be have . .

1. The conference to begin next week. 2. All the seats in the stalls () sold out, so I to book seats in the balcony. 3. When will you see him? We to meet tomorrow morning. 4. The film to be dubbed into Russia. 5. Will you be in the office today? I to be there at three. We have a meeting. 6. Jane didnt feel well, so we to send for the doctor. 7. He was late and we to wait.

 

Should

1. , . Free enterprise should be encouraged. -.
2. , , ( , () ). You should have helped him. You shouldnt have told her about it. . .
3. , . Why should I wait for you? - ?

Ought

1. , , . You ought to visit you aunt. ( ) .
2. , , ( , () ). You ought to have wanted them. ( ) ( ).

15.7. .

1. You shouldnt risk it. 2. He shouldnt waste so much time. 3. Why should I apologize to them? I am not to blame. 4. The way things are, you shouldnt refuse the job.

15.8. , , .

1. She should have said something in conclusion. 2. You ought to be more hospitable. 3. You ought to have been more polite to your elders. 4. You oughtnt to have discussed such things in public. 5. You shouldnt give examples proving your point of view.

 

Need

. . : need need (). You neednt rewrite the text. You neednt have called him up ( ). One needs to have a visa to go to the USA.   . . (, ). , .

15.9. , , .

1. You neednt try to explain. 2. You neednt tell her she already knows. 3. You neednt have woken me up: I dont have to go to work today. 4. I neednt have bought all that wine only three people came. 5. You neednt have included those figures in your report. 6. She neednt contact him. 7. James neednt have gone into details.

 

Will

1. I will help him. () .
2. ( ): wont ; wouldnt . The meat wont cut.   The pen wont write. I tried to speak to him but he wouldnt listen to me. () . . , .

 





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