16 17 , Perfect Tenses . . .
| Active Voice ( ) | ||
| Present () | I have worked | () |
| Past () | I had worked | () |
| Future () | I shall have worked | |
| Passive Voice ( ) | ||
| Present | It has been done | |
| Past | It had been done | |
| Future | It will have been done |
, to have II . to have been [11] II .
Perfect : .
| Active | Passive | |
| Present: | Have I worked? | Has it been done? |
| Past: | Had I worked? | Had it been done? |
| Future: | Shall we have written? | Will it have been done? |
not, : I have not worked. It has not been done.
, . , .
Present Perfect
to invite Present Perfect:
to invite
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| I have invited | I have been invited |
| he (she) has invited | he (she) has been invited |
| we have invited | we have been invited |
| you have invited | you have been invited |
| they have invited | they have been invited |
, II (. 13) Present Perfect II. , to see to think Present Perfect I have seen, I have thought.
Present Perfect, , . : -, ; -, , .
, Present Perfect, . .
| Present Perfect: | Ihave made a map. | . |
| Past Indefinite. | Yesterday I made: a map | . |
( Present Perfect) : , . , Past Indefinite, , , , . , , , , , .
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, Present Perfect , :
| We have learned twenty words. | 20 . |
| I have read your book. | . |
| Have you seen this letter? | ? |
, Present Perfect , , , . Present Perfect :
I have lived in Kursk all my life. " .
, , .
| has been ill for three months. | () . |
| He was ill for three months. | . |
Present Perfect, : ; Past Indefinite, .
Present Perfect , , , , , yesterday , last year . .
Present Perfect always , never , not yet , ever -. Present Perfect .
:
I have always liked hot summers. They have made these boxes. Have you ever seen this kind of stone? I have not yet found the word. The book has not yet been translated into English. Not much wood has been used. I have not told him anything. I have used two sheets of glass. Ten pounds of vegetables have been bought. I have always been afraid of storms. He has never been afraid of anything.
-:
. . , .
, it, they, one, you:
| It is late. | . |
| It is difficult to say. | . |
| They say he is ill. | , . |
| One must not smoke here. | . |
| You can never tell. | . ( .) |
They ; one , .
.
Was it cold yesterday? What do they say about my article? It is very difficult to remember so many words. One must study well to remember them. You never know what questions may be asked.
-meat, -y, -en
-ment [-mqnt] , :
| equip | equipment |
| state | statement |
| treat | treatment |
-y [-I] , :
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| wind | windy ['wIndI] |
| hill | hilly ['hIlI] |
| noise | noisy ['nOIzI] |
-en [-(q) n] - -.
| wide | widen ['waIdn]() |
| dark | darken ['dQ:k(q)n] () |
| weak | weaken ['wi:k(q)n], |
| t - [C]: | century, | nature, | culture, |
| ['senCury] | ['neICq] | ['kAlCq] | |
| temperature, | natural, | cultural | |
| ['temprICq] | ['nxCr(q)l] | ['kAlC(q)r(q)l] |
ea - [J]: heat, steam, treat, 'heater, 'steamer, 'treatment
:
POWER FROM THE SUN
All energy on the earth is the transformed heat of the sun. For many centuries man has used this transformed solar heat in the form of wood, coal and oil or natural gas, and in a million other ways. But, though natural fuel supplies are great, they will come to an end. So today we must ask "Where else can we find fuel?"
Is it possible to use directly the energy of the sun? The answer to this question is simple: "Yes, it is!"
We now use power from the sun to dry fruits and vegetables. It can also be used to heat and boil water and even to get steam for small factories. It can be used in homes, hothouses and solar refrigerators.
In Alma-Ata, solar energy collected with the help of special reflectors has been used in treatment of many diseases for nearly twenty years.
It is very simple to make a solar water- heater.
Blacken the bottom and sides of a box, coat it with heat- insulating material and cover it with a piece of glass. Then stand it out (1) in the sun. You will find that the temperature inside the box begins to rise rapidly even if it isn't a very hot day. The bottom of the box, blackened, transforms the light of the sun into heat, while the glass cover stops the heat from escaping.
This simple "hot-box" method has long been used in making solar hotbeds and hothouses.
The temperature inside the box will go up much more quickly and will go much higher, if the top is covered not with one but with several sheets of glass. A Soviet scientist in Tashkent has built a hot-box with a temperature of 437F (2) inside it that is (3), two and a quarter times the temperature of boiling water. His box has eight sheets of glass.
Another Russian scientist has made the simplest type of a solar boiler. It is a box about 16 feet long, seven feet wide and some seven inches high. On a sunny day, it can heat 150 gallons of water to a temperature of about 140F. The top of the box has two sheets of glass, with a third sheet on the bottom. Inside the box are fourteen rows of half inch iron pipes, with lengths (4) of rubber tubing connecting them.
From one side the heater takes in (5) cold water. From the other the hot water runs out. The whole process is automatic. This boiler has become popular in many parts of the Soviet Union.
From Soviet Weekly
(1) stand it out
(2) 437F (four hundred and thirty-seven degrees Fahrenheit ['fxr(q) nhaIt] 437 (= 225C)
(3) that is
(4) lengths , . . length ( 6)
(5) takes in
automatic ["O:tq'mxtIk] adj
blacken ['blxk(q) n] v ,
boil [bOIl] v ,
boiler ['bOIlq] n ,
century ['senCurI] n
coal [kqul] n
coat [kqut] v ,
directly [dI'rektlI] adv ,
disease [dI'zJz] n
dry [draI] v ; adj
else [els] adv ,
energy ['enqGI] n
escape [Is'keIp] v ; n
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factory ['fxkt(q) rI] n
form [fO:m] n ; v ()
fuel [fjuql] n ,
gallon ['gxlqn] n ( ; . = 4,54 )
get [get], got [gOt], got v ;
glass [glQ:s] n ;
half [hQ:f] n (. . halves)
heater ['hI(:) tq] n ;
hotbed ['hOtbed] n
hothouse ['hOthaus] n ,
inside ['In'saId] prep, adv ,
insulating ['InsjuleItIN] adj
iron ['aIqn] n
light [laIt] n ; adj ;
method ['meTqd] n
natural ['nxCr(q) l] adj ,
oil [OIl] n ; ( )
popular ['pOpjulq] adj
possible ['pOsqbl] adj
power ['pauq] n , , ; ;
process ['prquses] n
rapidly ['rxpIdlI] adv ,
reflector [rI'flektq] n ,
refrigerator [rI'frIGqreItq] n ,
row [rqu] n
rubber ['rAbq] n
several ['sevr(q) l] adj
simple ['sImpl] adj
solar ['squlq] adj
sun [sAn] n
sunny ['sAnI] adj
supply [sq'plaI] n ; ; v
temperature ['temprICq] n
transform [trxns'fO:m] v ; ,
treatment ['trJtmqnt] n
tubing ['tju:bIN] n ;
while [waIl] adv , ; , ;
whole [hqul] adj
51 . , . , , , automatic, energy, form, method, natural, popular, process, reflector, refrigerator, temperature, gallon . transform (. ), tubing (. ), glass (. ). factory manufactory . direct directly , . diregere, . , 4 ( ) , . century cent, , , , , .
, , - , , inside half c , , (halftime , half-back ). , inside in + side. ?
hothouse hotbed hot , house ; bed ; .
- er, - or, ( 6), . .
, , to blacken black sunny sun .
solar sunny, , : solar ; sunny .
coat . (), (). to coat (, , . .).
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oil , . . , oil . butter ['bAtq].
: else, whole, while, several, to get.
to get . :
I got a letter yesterday. .
is getting old. ( ).
Present Perfect Tense to get , , to have. : I have got three children. . Have you got a sheet of glass? ? , I have got , I have.
to ge t : to get away ; to get back ; ; to get down ; to get in , ; to get off ; to get on , ; to get out , ; to get up .
. to get, , , , , .
1. to supply Present Perfect Active Voice to ask Present Perfect Passive Voice , . . 196.
2. to say Present Perfect Active Voice, to find Present Perfect Passive Voice. ( .)
3. , Present Perfect Active Voice. .
: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. .
We (to buy) enough coal and oil. Not much heat (to escape). He (never to work) at a factory. He (to boil) the water. Several centuries (to pass) since then. This method (to become) popular. We (to receive) no iron or glass. The sun (to dry) these fruits and vegetables. They (to find) several new kinds of fuel. The temperature (to rise). The temperature (to be) below zero all day.
4. , Present Perfect Passive Voices
: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. .
Steam power (to use). The box (to cover) with heat-insulating material. Light (to transform) into heat. Several sheets of iron (to buy). Not enough water (to boil). These trees (to find) at 2,000 feet above sea level.
5. , :
I have seen the new boiler. We have used boiled water. This method has been known for several centuries. Have you got any wood or coal? Have they escaped? How much rubber has been supplied? Has the new treatment helped you? He has not yet come.
6. 9 :
possible, answer, above, heat, steam, light, pull, top, dark, bottom, impossible, full, below, question, ice, cold, empty, push
7. 8 :
power, change, quickly, home, escape, energy, rapidly, house, hot, small, large, transform, run away, warm, little, big
I. , . :
cloud, cloudy; blood, bloody; storm, stormy; stone, stony; oil, oily; sleep, sleepy; rain, rainy; speed, speedy; red, to redden; light, to lighten; white, to whiten
. :
It is very simple to learn the whole process. Is it possible to see him? Is it difficult to build a hotbed with a few sheets of glass? Is it warm today? It is easy to build such heaters if you have iron pipes and rubber tubing. They say it is not so easy as it seems. You cannot do it without aid. One must use solar heat. It seems that the whole process is very rapid.
III. , to get :
Do not get up. Let's get back to work. The boy could not get down from the tree. Did you get back the book you gave him? Get off this car! Get out of here! How are you getting on?
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IV. , Present Perfect (Active Passive Voice), . :
A new hothouse (to build). We (to build) a new factory. Scientists (to find) how to use solar energy. A new fuel (to find). She (to change) her method. No iron (to use). I (to do) everything possible. Everything possible (to do).
V. .
VI. Present Perfect .
VII. :
century, dry, heat, heater, oil, factory, power, boil, boiler, rapidly, rubber, coal, half, iron, coat, supply, else, fuel, whole, escape, possible, simple, sun, sunny, while, energy, glass, row, light, several
VIII. , :
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15.
