()
n = N/NA,
N - (, , ..), (); N -
(N = 6,02×1023-1).
M = m/n,
m - (); n - .
Mr = SniAr,i,
ni - i- , ; Ar,i - . ...
M = Mrk,
k = 10-3 /.
n = n1 + n2 + + nn = N1/NA + N2/NA + + Nn/NA,
ni, Ni, mi, Mi - , , , i- .
- ( )
m - , - , R - , n - , - .
, - :
) - ( : T=const, m=const)
pV = const,
p1V1 = p2V2;
) - ( : p=const, m=const)
) ( : V=const, m=const)
) (m=const)
p1,V1,T1 - , ; p2,V2,T2 - .
, ,
= 1 + 2 + + n
pi - ; n - .
, , , .
mi - i- ; ni = mi/Mi - i- ; n - .
i- ( )
m - .
N - , ; r - ; V - . , .
p = n áeñ,
áeñ - .
áeñ = kT,
k - .
áeiñ = kT,
i - .
p = nkT.
:
- ;
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- ;
- ,
mi - .
u = u/uB,
u - .
(v) (cp)
= /, = .
p Cv = R
Q - , (); DU - ; - , .
:
;
A = p(V2-V1) ;
;
,
, g = p/cv - .
, :
Q1 - , ; Q2 - , .
T1 T2 - .
F - , l, ; D - , DS .
, , :
R - .
q - (q = 0 ; q = p ); R - ; r - ; g - .
d - .
1. .
. m :
. (1)
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. (2)
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= /.
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. (1)
. (2)
, (3)
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, , m ; , (3)
.
N (2),
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i ( i=5); () .
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, Q, , A:
.
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/:
K =
= 385 K;
K =
= 1155 K;
K =
= 2887 K;
;
= 3,24
.
5. . , , , . , .
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r . ,
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S ; , . ,
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.
1. V0=4 /. , V0 . h ? .
2. =5/2. , , - , , . V0= 0.
3. , a=60. V1=54 / V2=72/. V ?
4. V0=10 / =-5/2. , Δs, , Δr t=4c .
5. . V1=18 /. V2=22 /, V3=5/. V .
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6. a = 30 vo = 30 /. an at t = 1 .
7. w = p/6 /. Ds, t = 4 , Dr? , - r, , j = p/3 .
8. = 1 + 1 t + 1 t2 = 2 + 2 t + 2 t2, 1 = 7 /, 1 = - 2 /2, 2 = - 1 /, 2 = 0,2 /2. t = 5 .
9. w = 1 /
t = 9,9 . ? R = 2 .
1 0. R = 30 e. at , , t = 4
an = 2,7 /2.
1. V=250 / m=8 . m1=6 U1 =400/c . U2 .
12. , V1=3 /, , , , U1 =4 /. U2x . m1=210, m2=70 .
13. , , a=30 . U2 , U1 =480/c. m2=18, m1=60 .
14. m1=70 , V1=9 /, m2=190, V2=3,6 /, . ? , ?
15. , , m1=2,5 a=30 V=10 /. V0 , m2=60 ? .
16. , . . m1=60 , m2=20 . ( ) , ( ) V=1 /? .
17. , V = 400 /, . , 40% , U1= 150 /. U2 .
18. m = 200 ( , ) V=1 /. , m1=200 . U1 U2 .
19. l =3,5 m1=200 , m2=80 ? .
20. 1= 3 = 120 . 1 =60 2 =90 . , ?
21. 1= 8 , l =1,8 , 2 = 4 . , a=3? . , .
22. , 1= 300 , 2 = 8 . h , . , .
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23. m1 =1 V1= 4 / 2=2 , V2 = 3 /. 1 u2 ? , , .
24. 1 =3 V1 =2 / 2 = 5 . ? , , .
25. h 1 =0,5 , 2= 120 . , .
26. 1= 4 V1= 5 / m2 =6 , V2= 2 /. u1 u2 . , , .
27. m1 = 10 V = 300 /. m2 = 200 , k =25 /. ? , .
28. 1 = 5 V1 = 1 / 2 = 2 . u1 u2 . , , .
29. , , . , V1 = 600 /, , V2 = 580 /. ?
30. 1 = 2 40% . 2 . , , .
31. k1 = 400 / k2 = 250 /, D l = 2 .
32. h = 600 1 = 3,0 , m = 1,5 . A ? h ?
33. k = 500 / F = 100 H. A , D l = 2 .
34. k1 = 0,5 / k2 = 1 / . D l = 4 .
35. A, k = 800 /, = 6 , Dx= 8 ?
36. , D l = 3 . , h = 8 ?
37. k = 150 / m = 8 . V , Dx = 4 .
38. , m = 16 , V = 0,6/, , D l = 8 . k .
39. l == 2 , . '/ l, . V .
40. h = 40 , D = 3,0 d = 2,0 ? r 2,8×103 /3.
41. G h = 1000 . g R.
42. m = 2 :
1) h = 1000 ; 2) ?
43. m = 30 . , . g R .
44. v =5 /. ?
45. = 90 . . g R .
46. , ? , 81 60 .
47. h =520 . . g R .
48. , h =1000 . g R .
49. , , 13 3,84×108 .
50. ? , R 390 R 6 .
51. = 60 , l1 =1,2 , 1=2-1, . , l2 =0,6 . 2 ? , ? .
52. D = 75 = 40 F = 1 . e t = 10 , r 12 . .
53. D = 60 , = 2 . J , , , t = 3 w = 9 /.
54. 1 = 50 m 2 = 60 D =4 . J , e = 1,5 /2. .
55. , , j= At + Bt3, = 2 /, = 0,2 /3. , t = 2 , J =0,048 × 2
56. V = 8 /. , , , , s = 18 .
57. , , n = 12c-l, Dt = 8 . D = 30 . = 6 .
58. , = 0,4 , , 1 = 0,3 2 = 0,7 . 1 2 .
59. . , . , - . f , = 5,6 /2. , , .
60. , , 1 = 0,2 2 = 0,3 . , , m = 0,4 , = 2 /2? .
61. = 5 . l 1 = 70 . 1 = 1-1. , , l2 = 20 ? () J = 2,5 ×2.
62. . w1= 4 /. w2 , , ? J =5 ×2. l =1,8 , m==6 . , .
63. D = 3 m1=180 . w1 , m2 = 70 V=1,8 / ?
64. , , . . j , , , ( ) ? m1 = 280 , m2 = 80 .
65. , w1=25 /. . w2 , a=90? J 2,5 ×2, J0 = 0,5 ×2.
66. l =1,0 , . =7 , . , a=60. V=360 /.
67. , n1=8 --1, m1=70 . , 2=10 -1. 2 . .
68. D=0,8 m1=6 m2=60 . w , m=0,5 ? r=0,4 . V=5 /.
69. m1=150 , , n=8 --1. 2= 70 . w , ? , , .
70. l =1,0 M1=0,7 , . , 2/3 l, m = 5 , . a=60. .
71. l =30 : , . , . L . .
72. , =A1 sinw t y=A2 cosw t, A1=8 , 2=4 , w =2 -1. . .
73. , x=Asinwt, A=5 , w =2c-1. , =0,1 , F=5 . t.
74. n R=20 , .
75. R =40 , .
76. , Dr = 18 Vmax=16 /.
77. , x0 = 4 , V0=10 /. j0 , =2 .
78. : 1=1 sinw1t x2 =A2sinw2(t+t), 1 = 2 = 3, w1 = w2 = pc-1, t=0,5 . j0 . . t=0.
79. M=200 , k= 500 /. m=10 , V=300 /, . , T .
80. m=60 T=2 . x0=4,0 E=0,02 . .
81. u = /3, . ?
82. = 3 . , a .
83. b ( ) = 3 ?
84. - = 1,53 . .
85. u = 0,8 ( ). -, .
86. = 469 /*. , ?
87. , = 1,53 , m0?
88. b ( ) , ?
89. p1 = . ( ), == 2 .
90. , . , , = 2 .
91. n N m=0,5 .
92. : 1) n=0,2 ; 2) m = 1 ?
93. t =4 V = 1 3. n N .
94. .
95. .
96. , V=2. n 0,2 .
97. n , V =3 , n=2×1018 -3.
98. V=3 = 10 . .
99. Mr: 1) ; 2) ; 3) .
100. n N m=0,2.
101. l =1,6, 0 , S= 200 2. F, , l1 =10 .
102. 1 =400 . T 2 , 1,5 ?
103. V =20 T=400K. , Dr=200. m . .
104. V=15 1=600 T1 = 300 . , 2=400, T2=260K. m , .
105. . 1=2 T1=800, 2=2,5, T2=200. T=200. .
106. r , =2 T=400 .
107. Mr , T=154 =2,8 r=6,1 /3.
108. r T=400 =2 .
109. V=40 T=300. ,