- , .
, . .
, , . , , .
- :
1. . , .
,
Mn+4 , Cl1 .
.
2. . , .
,
Mn+7 , O-2 .
3. . .
,
Cl20 .
, , .
, . , , , . .
| KMnO4 |    
| |||
|   
| |||
| H2O2 | 
| |||
| H2S , Na2S2O3 | 
| |||
 
| ||||
| Cr+3 |  
| |||
| HNO2 . |  (HNO3 ).
| |||
| H2SO3 . |  (H2SO4 ).
| |||
| H2O2 | 
| |||
1. : FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 →
. Fe+2 Cr+6. , ( K2Cr2O7):
6 Fe+2 ē → Fe+3
1 2Cr+6 + 6ē→ 2Cr+3
6 Fe2+ + 2 Cr+6 → 2 Cr+3 + 6 Fe+3
. , , . . - . (7 2). ( 59 ).
6 FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7 H2SO4 →
→ 3 Fe2(SO4)3 +Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7 H2O
|
|
|
2. :
6126 + n4 + 2S4 → 2 +
. . - +2. + - :
n4- + 8 + + 5 e- → n2+ + 4 2
6126 2, :
6126 + 6 2 - 24 e- → 6 2 + 24 +
, 120. , 24 5. , . :
5 6126 + 24 n4- + 72 + → 30 2 + 24 n2+ + 66 2
:
5 6126+24 n4+36 2SO4 = 30 2+24 nSO4+66 2+12 2S4
I. - .
1. MnO2+KClO3+KOH → K2MnO4+KCl+
2. HgS+HNO3+HCl → S+NO+
3. SO2+Br2+H2O → H2SO4+
4. Mn(OH)2+Cl2+KOH → MnO2+KCl+
5. K[Cr(OH)4]+Br2+KOH → K2CrO4+KB2+
6. Cl2+S+H2O → H2SO4+
7. K2MnO4+Cl2 → KMnO4+
8. KNO3 → KNO2+O2+
9. AgNO3 → Ag+NO2+O2+
10. Pb(NO3)2 → PbO+NO2+O2+
11. NO2+H2O → HNO3+NO+
12. Ca(OH)2+NO2 → Ca(NO3)2+ Ca(NO2)2+
13. KClO3 → KClO4+KCl+
14. I2+ Ba(OH)2 → Ba(IO3) 2+ BaI2+
15. H2S+O2 → SO2+
16. S+HNO3 → H2SO4+ NO2+
17. C+HNO3(K) → CO2+ NO+
18. NH3+O2 → NO+
19. H2O2 +KMnO4+ H2SO4 → O2+
20. K3[Cr(OH)6]+Br2+KOH → K2CrO4+
21. H2S+K2Cr2O7+H2SO4 → S+
22. KNO2+KMnO4+H2O → K3NO3+
23. KNO2+KMnO4+KOH → KNO3+
24. K4[Fe(CN)6]+H2O2+H2SO4 → K3[Fe(CN)6]+
25. K3[Fe(CN)6]+H2O2+KOH →K3[Fe(CN)6]+O2+
26. Zn+KClO3+KOH → K2[Zn(OH)4]+KCl+
27. Al+KNO3+KOH → K3[Al(OH)6]+NH3+
28. Al+NaOH+H2O → Na3[Al(OH)6]+
29. K2[Sn(OH)4]+KOH+Bi(NO3)3 → K2[Sn(OH)6]+Bi+
30. SnCl2+HCl+HNO3 → H2[SnCl6]+NO+
31. SnCl2+HgCl2+HCl → Hg+H2[SnCl6]+
32. KNO2+KMnO4+H2SO4 → KNO3+
33. Cu2O+HNO3 → NO2+
34. FeSO4+KClO3+H2SO4 → KCl+
35. CuCl2+SO2+H2O → CuCl+
36. CrCl3+Br2+KOH → K2CrO4+
37. H2O2+KI+H2SO4 → I2+
38. H2S+ H2O2 → H2SO4+
39. H2S+H2SO3 →
40. H2O2+HIO3 → I2+
41. H2O2+K2Cr2O7+H2SO4 →
42. K2Cr2O7+H2S+H2SO4 → SO2+
43. Hg2(NO3)2+O2+HNO3 → Hg2(NO3)2+
44. NaCrO2+H2O2+NaOH → Na2CrO4+
45. HBr+HBrO3 → Br2+
46. HClO+H2O2 → HCl+
47. CrO3+HCl → Cl2+
48. PH3+KMnO4+H2SO4 → H3PO4+
49. NaBr+NaBrO3+H2SO4 → Br2+
50. SnS+HNO3 → NO+
51. HgI2+H2O2+H2SO4 → I2+
52. KMnO4+MnSO4+H2O → MnO2+
53. H2MnO4 → HMnO4+MnO2+
54. Hg+HNO3(..) → NH3+
55. K2Cr2O7+SnCl2+HCl → K2[SnCl6]+
56. Na[Cr(OH)4]+NaClO3+NaOH → Na2CrO4+NaCl+
57. FeS2+HNO3 → Fe(NO3)3+NO+
58. Fe3O4+HNO3 → Fe2(SO4)3+SO2+
59. Fe3O4+H2SO4 → Fe2(SO4)3+SO2+
|
|
|
60. CuFeS2+HNO3 → FeSO4+CuSO4+NO+
61. As2S2+HNO3 → H3AsO4+H2SO4+NO+
62. Zn+HNO3(..) → N2+Zn(NO3)2+
63. SnCl2+Cl+KOH →
64. MnSO4+Br2+H2O → HMnO4+
65. FeSO4+KBrO3+H2SO4(p) →
66. Fe(OH)3+Cl2+KOH → KClO3+
67. HClO+KI →
68. HClO+H2S →
69. HClO4+H2SO3 →
70. HClO4+C →
71. K2S+KMnO4+H2SO4(.) →
72. P+KOH+H2O → KH2PO4+
73. NO2+KOH → KNO3+
74. K2MnO4+H2SO4(.) → MnO2+KMnO4+
75. MnSO4+NaBiO3+H2SO4(.) →
76. KMnO4+NaI+H2O →
77. MnSO4+PbO2+HNO3 → HMnO4+
78. MnSO4+KClO3+H2O → HMnO4+
79. KMnO4+H2O2+H2O →
80. SnCl2+NaBiO3+HClp → SnCl4+
81. Cl2+I2+H2O →
82. HBrO+HBr →
83. Ca(ClO2)2+NaI+H2SO4 →
84. NaClO+Na2S+H2SO4(.) →
85. NaIO3+Cl2+KOH →
86. KClO3+S →
87. NaClO3+MnO2+NaOH → Na2MnO4+
88. H2O2+NaI →
89. H2O2+CrCl3+KOH → K2CrO4+
90. H2O2+KMnO4 → MnO2+
91. H2O2+K2Cr2O7+HClp →
92. H2S+KMnO4+H2O →
93. SO2+KMnO4+H2O →
94. SO2+K2Cr2O7+H2SO4(.) →
95. SO2+Br2+H2O →
96. H2SO4(.)+Mg → H2S+
97. H2O2+SO2 →
98. H2S+SO2+NaOH →
99. PH3+KMnO4+ H2SO4(.) → H3PO4+
100. P+KOH →
II. - , - .
101.
102.
103.
104. (II)
105. (II)
106.
107.
108.
109. (.)
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115. (II)
116.
117.
118.
119. (II)
120. (II)
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134. (II)
135. (II)
136. (II)
137. (II)
138. (II)
139. (II)
140. (.)
141. (.)
142. (II)
143. (.)
144. (.)
145. (II)
146. (II)
147. (II)
148. (II)
149. (II)
NaOH KOH
150. (II)
151. (II)
152. (II)
|
|
|
153. (II)
154. (II)
155. (II)
156.
157. (II)
158. (IV)
159. (IV)
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173. (IV)
174.
175. (IV)
176. (II)
177. (II)
178. (II)
179. (II)
180. (II)
(H2O)
181. (IV)
182.
183.
184.
185.
186. (IV)
187. (IV)
188. (II)
189. (IV)
190. (III) (IV)
191.
192. (II)
193.
194. (II)
195.
196. (III)
197.
198.
199.
200.
1
| Kd | ||
| HNO2 | 6,9104 | |
| C6H5COOH | 6,3105 | |
| () | HBO2 | 7,51010 |
| () | H3BO3 | 5,831010 |
| 1,81013 | ||
| 1,61014 | ||
| HBrO | 2,2109 | |
| C4H6O6 | 1,3103 | |
| 3,0105 | ||
| H2GeO3 | 1,7109 | |
| 1,91013 | ||
| () | H2SiO3 | 4,541010 |
| 1,01013 | ||
| C6H8O7 | 7,45104 | |
| 1,73105 | ||
| 4,02106 | ||
| HCOOH | 1,77104 | |
| H3PO4 | 7,11103 | |
| 6,34108 | ||
| 1,261012 | ||
| HF | 6,2104 | |
| H2Se | 1,3104 | |
| 1,01011 | ||
| H2SO3 | 1,4102 | |
| 6,2108 | ||
| H2S | 1,1107 | |
| 3,61012 | ||
| HCN | 51010 | |
| H2CO3 | 4,45107 | |
| 4,691011 | ||
| CH3COOH | 1,75105 | |
| C6H5OH | 1,011010 | |
| H2C2O4 | 6,5102 | |
| 5,18105 | ||
| C6H5NH2OH | 3,821010 | |
| C7H8NH2OH | 2,35105 | |
| C4H10NH2OH | 4,57104 | |
| N2H5OH | 1,7106 | |
| NH4OH | 1,77105 | |
| NH2OHH2O | 8,9109 | |
| (CH3)2NH2OH | 6,0104 | |
| (C2H5)2NH2OH | 9,6104 | |
| CH4NH2OH | 4,24104 | |
| C5H12NH2OH | 1,71109 | |
| C3H8NH2OH | 5,62104 | |
| CS(NH2)2H2O | 1,11012 | |
| (CH3)3NH2OH | 6,31105 | |
| C9H6NH2OH | 1,0109 | |
| C2H6ONH2OH | 3,0105 | |
| C2H6NH2OH | 3,18104 |
|
|
|
2
| p Kn = -lg Kn | |
| CdOH+ | 2,4 |
| CoOH+ | 4,4 |
| CrOH+ | 7,8 |
| CuOH+ | 6,0 |
| NiOH+ | 4,6 |
| PbOH+ | 6,22 |
| ZnOH+ | 5,7 |
3
| L | L | |||
| Ag2C2O4 | 3,51011 | Fe(OH)3 | 6,3×10-38 | |
| Ag2CO3 | 1,2×10-12 | Hg2Br2 | 5,4×10-23 | |
| Ag2CrO4 | 4,7×10-12 | Hg2Cl2 | 1,2×10-18 | |
| Ag2S | 4,23×10-50 | Hg2CrO4 | 5,0×10-9 | |
| Ag2SO4 | 1,24×10-5 | Hg2I2 | 4,4×10-29 | |
| Ag3AsO4 | 11022 | Hg2SO4 | 6,4×10-7 | |
| Ag3PO4 | 1,3×10-20 | In4[Fe(CN)6]3 | 1,9×10-44 | |
| AgBr | 4,8×10-13 | K2SiF6 | 8,7×10-7 | |
| AgBrO3 | 6,1×10-5 | La(OH)3 | 6,5×10-20 | |
| AgCl | 1,73×10-10 | LaF3 | 5×10-14 | |
| AgI | 8,1×10-17 | Li3PO4 | 3,2×10-9 | |
| AgIO3 | 3,0×10-8 | Mg(OH)2 | 6,0×10-10 | |
| Al(OH)3 | 1×10-32 | Mn(OH)2 | 1,9×10-13 | |
| Ba3(AsO4)2 | 7,8×10-51 | Na3AlF6 | 4,1×10-10 | |
| Ba3(PO4)2 | 6,0×10-39 | NaBeF6 | 7,0×10-3 | |
| BaCrO4 | 1,2×10-10 | Ni(OH)2 | 2,0×10-15 | |
| BaSO3 | 8,0×10-7 | Pb(OH)2 | 5×10-16 | |
| BaSO4 | 1,0 ×10-10 | Pb3(PO4)2 | 7,9×10-43 | |
| Be(OH)2 | 6,3×10-22 | PbBr2 | 4,5×10-6 | |
| Bi(OH)3 | 3×10-32 | PbCl2 | 1,6×10-5 | |
| Bi2(C2O4)3 | 4,0×10-36 | PbCO3 | 7,5×10-14 | |
| Ca(OH)2 | 5,5×10-6 | PbCrO4 | 1,81014 | |
| Ca3(PO4)2 | 2,0×10-29 | PbI2 | 8,2×10-9 | |
| CaC2O4 | 2,3109 | PbS | 6,2×10-28 | |
| CaCO3 | 3,7×10-9 | PbSO4 | 1,3×10-8 | |
| CaF2 | 4,0×10-11 | PtCl4 | 8,0×10-29 | |
| CaHPO4 | 1,4×10-6 | PuO2(OH)2 | 3,2×10-21 | |
| CaSO4 | 1,7×10-5 | Sb(OH)3 | 4×10-42 | |
| Cd(OH)2 | 2,2×10-14 | Sc(OH)3 | 2×10-30 | |
| CdCO3 | 2,5×10-14 | Sn(OH)2 | 6,3×10-27 | |
| Co(OH)2 | 6,3×10-15 | Sn(OH)4 | 1×10-57 | |
| Cr(OH)3 | 6,3×10-31 | Sr(OH)2 | 3,2×10-4 | |
| Cu(OH)2 | 2,2×10-20 | SrCrO4 | 3,6105 | |
| CuCl | 3,2×10-7 | SrSO4 | 3,2107 | |
| CuI | 1,1×10-12 | Tl(OH)3 | 6,3×10-46 | |
| 3 | ||||
| L | L | |||
| Fe(OH)2 | 8×10-16 | TlBr | 3,6×10-6 | |
| Y(OH)3 | 3,2×10-25 | TlCl | 1,8×10-4 | |
| TlI | 8,8×10-8 | SnS | 11025 | |
| Tl2S | 5,01021 | Zn(OH)2 | 1,21017 | |
| Zn3(AsO4)2 | 1,31027 | ZnS | 1,91022 | |
| Zr(OH)4 | 1,01052 |
1. . . 3
1.1. .. 3
1.2. .. 4
1.3. .. 5
1.4. . 7
1.5. . 9
2. . 15
2.1. . 17
2.2. . 19
4. . 21
4.1. , . 21
4.2. .. 22
4.3. . 23
4.4. . 24
4.5. . 27
5. .. 44
5.1. . 44
5.1.1. . 45
5.1.2. . 48
5.2. . 58
5.2.1. . 58
5.2.2. . 59
5.2.3. . 59
5.2.4. . 60
5.2.5. . 62
5.3. . 68
5.3.1. . 69
5.3.2. . 70
5.3.3. . 71
5.3.4. . 74
5.4. . 83
5.4.1. . 86
5.4.2. . 88
5.5. . 90
5.5.1. . 93
5.5.2. . 95
5.6. . 98
5.6.1. - . 99
5.6.2. . 99
5.6.3. . 100
5.6.4. . 100
5.6.5. . 102
6. - . 106
6.1. . 108
6.2. . 109
1. 116
2. 118
3. 119
