(, , ), .
.
, :
HN2 
H+ + N2‾.
, -:
NH4OH NH4+ + OH‾.
, . . Be(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Ga(OH)3, Cr(OH)3.
:
2H+ + BeO22− Be(OH)2 Be2+ + 2OH‾.
, , , , , -:
Al2(SO4)3 → 2Al3+ + 3SO42‾;
NaHCO3 → Na+ + HCO3‾;
CuOHCl CuOH+ + Cl‾.
. , . :
, (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4), (LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2).
, . : H2O, NH4OH; ; CH3COOH, HF, HNO2, HCN, HClO, H2SO3, H2CO3, H2S, H3PO4; , Mg(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Cu(OH)2.
. - , :
) , ( , , ):
AgNO3 + KCl = AgCl ↓ + KNO3;
) . , , :
Ag+ + NO3‾ + K+ + Cl‾ = AgCl↓ + K+ + NO3‾;
) , :
Ag+ + Clˉ = AgCl↓.
, , , :
(↓):
3CaCl2 + 2Na3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6NaCl
3Ca2+ + 6Cl‾ + 6Na+ + 2PO43- = Ca3(PO4)2↓ + 6Na+ + 6Cl‾
3Ca2+ + 2PO43- = Ca3(PO4)2↓;
(↑):
2HCl + Na2S = H2S ↑ + 2NaCl
2H+ + 2Cl‾ + 2Na+ + S2- = H2S↑ + 2Na+ +2Cl‾
|
|
|
2H+ + S2- = H2S↑;
( ):
H2SO4 + 2KNO2 = 2HNO2 + K2SO4
2H+ + SO42− + 2+ + 2NO2‾ = 2HNO2 + 2K+ + SO42−
H+ + NO2‾ = HNO2.
, , , , , .
, , . , . ,
Mg(OH)2 ↓ + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2↓ + 2H+ + 2Cl‾ Mg2+ + 2Cl‾ + 2H2O
Mg(OH)2↓ + 2H+ Mg2+ + 2H2O
, .
11.1. , - :
Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ = Fe3+ + 3H2O;
H3PO4 + 3OH− = PO43− + 3H2O;
HCO3− + OH− = CO32− + H2O.
. - , , , . :
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl = FeCl3 + 3H2O;
H3PO4 + 3NaOH = Na3PO4 + 3H2O;
KHCO3 + KOH = K2CO3 + H2O.
. .3.
11.2. - , .
. , Pb(OH)2 , , , .
: Pb(OH)2 + 2HNO3 = Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O
Pb(OH)2 + 2H+ = Pb2+ + 2H2O.
: Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Pb(OH)4]
Pb(OH)2 + 2OH‾ = [Pb(OH)4]2−.
Pb(OH)2:
2H+ + [Pb(OH)4]2− Pb(OH)2 + 2H2O [Pb(H2O)2]2+ +2OH‾.
