. (, ) , , . . , , . () , .
, . , - , , , .
, H2, N2, O2, () 20K, 77K, 90K. ( 240K 263K) , 500C , , .
. , 22,4 /, , 1,01325105 , 1 , , 273,15 (0C).
T, K ( K, ), , ( C) :
T(K) | = | t(C) + 273.15 |
(T - t) 273.
. , , .
, :
pV | = | const | pV | = | p0V0 | |
----- | ----- | ----- | ||||
T | T | T0 |
p (), V (3, 3, 3), T (K) - ( ..);
p0, V0, T0 - , .
V0 ( ..), V :
V0 | = | pVT0 |
------- | ||
p0T |
V0 :
|
|
V | = | p0V0T |
------- | ||
pT0 |
pV/T p V , , :
R | = | p0VM | = | 101.325 () 22,41383 (/) | = | 8,31441 | ||
------- | ---------------------------------------- | --------- | ||||||
T0 | 100 () 273 (K) | K |
W = pV, (3) () - (). , R :
R | = | 8.31441 /(K) |
, 1 , , , , R .
( p, V, n, T) -:
pV | = | nRT |
- , , .
, , .
12) . .
́ , , (. ).
, , , . , .
. ( , , -) , . . , , -, , ; -, . ( ) . , , , , .
. :
|
|
pV = RT[1 + B(T)/v + C(T)/v2+...],
p , v , , R , (), () . . , , . . . --, , , , .
-- . . -- , .
. , , . , , . . ( ) . . V, , .
.
()
. .
F .
F .
FG .
FA .
F′A (p<0).
AC , .
CG .
G .
G .
FAB GCB .
.
K .
13)