: , , , , .
p |
. 4.2 |
s |
T |
T |
T |
s |
p |
T |
p |
s |
s |
v |
v |
v |
, . , , p - v- T - s- (. 4.1, . 4.2).
T - s-
; (4.18).
T - s- ; (4.17).
p - v- , p v ,
. | (4.28) |
() p-v - , ,
, | (4.29) |
, . . k >1.
4.2.1.
: p 1, v 1, v 2.
: T 1 T 2, (w, l, q).
,
(p 1, v 1, v 2), p - v- T - s- . 4.3 4.4.
1 T 1:
.
1 2
p 1= p 2 = p = const,
v T :
, | (4.30) |
T 2.
. |
p = const
(4.31) | |
, | (4.32) |
. | (4.33) |
. (w > 0), . . v 2 > v 1, (q > 0), s 2 > s 1.
T - s- : (Dh) , T 1 T 2, .
: p 1, v 1, p 2(p 2 > p 1).
: T 1 T 2, (w, l, q).
,
(p 1, v 1, p 2) p - v T - s, . 4.5 4.6.
1
T 1 = p 1 v 1/ R. 1 2
v 1 = v 2 = v = const (p 1 .v = RT 1, p 2 v = RT 2) :
|
|
, | (4.34) |
T 2.
. |
v = const
(4.35) | |
, | (4.36) |
. | (4.37) |
p - v- T - s- . (l < 0), . .
p 2 > p 1, (q > 0), s 2 > s 1.
T - s- : () , T 1 T 2, .
: p 1, v 1, p 2(p 2 > p 1).
: T 1 v 2, (w, l, q).
, (p 1, v 1, p 2) p - v T - s, . 4.7 4.8.
1
T = p 1 v 1/ R. 1 2
T 1 = T 2 = T = const (p 1 v 1 = RT, p 2 v 2 = RT) :
, | (4.38) |
v 2.
. |
T = const
, | (4.39) |
, | (4.40) |
. |
()
, | (4.41) |
. | (4.42) |
p - v- T - s- . w l . w < 0, . . v 2 < v 1; l < 0, p 2 > p 1; (q < 0), . . s 2 < s 1.
, (dq = 0).
(ds = 0,
s = const), (ds > 0).
, | (4.43) |
k .
. | (4.44) |
:
. |
-, - k = f (T), . . m cv = f (T). .
- ,
, |
- :
. |
-, - 1,4; 1,29 , . . .
(4.43)
pv = RT :
, | (4.45) |
. | (4.46) |
1-2, p 1, v 1, T 1 p 2, v 2, T 2, (4.43), (4.45), (4.46) :
|
|
, | (4.47) |
, | (4.48) |
. | (4.49) |
1-2:
, | (4.50) |
. | (4.51) |
pv = RT, (4.48) (4.50) :
, | (4.52) |
. | (4.53) |
(4.46) (4.53) -, - k = 1,4; k = 1,29.
k = f (T) , T 1 T 2. , .
. :
, | (4.54) |
, | (4.55) |
, | (4.56) |
. | (4.57) |
, [7]; h, u .
, p 1, T 1, p 2 p - v- T - s- , .4.9 4.10.
p - v- , T - s- (s = const, q = 0).
(1-2 ), , . 4.11, 4.12.
(. . 4.11)
, |
,
. |
, (. . 4.12),
, |
. |
, | (4.58) |
n , (n = const) - .
(4.43) (4.58) , :
, | (4.59) |
, | (4.60) |
, | (4.61) |
, | (4.62) |
, | (4.63) |
, | (4.64) |
. | (4.65) |
, | (4.66) |
c .
< n < . , , , n. (4.58) (4.66), ,
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
. 4.13 4.14 p - v- T - s- n, x - .
:
1. (dv > 0, dw > 0) 1, 2, 3, 4.
2. (dv < 0, dw < 0) 5, 6, 7, 8.
3. (ds > 0, dq > 0) 8, 1, 2, 3.
4. (ds < 0, dq < 0) 4, 5, 6, 7.
5. , (dT > 0, du > 0, dh > 0) 7, 8, 1, 2.
6. , (dT < 0, du < 0, dh <0) 3, 4, 5, 6.
7. (cn < 0, 1 < n < k) 3, 7.
3 (dq > 0) , , (dT < 0, du < 0, dh < 0). 7 (dq < 0) , , (dT > 0, du > 0, dh > 0). . , , , , .
|
|
p - v T - s , , n = k, n =1 . .
1< n < k, p 1, t 1, p 2 (p 2 > p 1) p - v- T - s- ,
. 4.15 4.16.
p - v- , , . . n >1.
T - s- , , . . 1< n < k.
14)
, . , , , . , , , . , ! - !
, , , , .. , . .
, , , , . , - , 6 . :
- (), P, ;
- , t, ;
- , φ, %;
- , i, /*;
- , d, /;
- , p, .