.
1. should ( ) + -
(it) is recommended (suggested) that..., to recommend, to suggest, to demand , recommendation, suggestion, demand, ( + ).
It was necessary that the child's his- , -
tory should be known to none. .
should + , to.
Canada was considering a proposal that the Secretary General sound out Paris on its attitude to this question.
| 2. should ( ) + . , . Should he come this way, I will speak , to him. . 3. were ( ) + , ; . , , , ( |
She insisted that they open a bottle of wine and toast his success.
, () .
, .
| ... , -, , .). |
Such a system is bound to be unpopular among most Europeans, and if the Federal party were to support it, they would undoubtedly weaken their chances in the forthcoming federal elections.
, ( - ) , .
4. would ( 2- 3- ) + , , .
It would be dangerous political folly to write off as insignificant the revival of nazi-type extremism in Germany.
.
|
|
|
, , - , , , .
It was recommended that a special report should be submitted. This report would give a detailed account of the activities of the committee and their views on the situation.
. .
5. .
Had this policy been adopted, the subsequent history of the treaty might well have been quite different.
, .
6 . 2642
1. , , , .
Had it been as easy as that, no special , - negotiations would have been neces- sary. ( ).
( ... .)
2. , , : if + , given, provided . but for + .
But for their willingness to assist, this , decision would never have been ar- , rived at.
■ 1. .
1. Perhaps it's time that I got one or two things clear.
2. It was better that I should be the enemy, not Roger.
3. I wish I knew what made you engage in these studies. I should have thought your medical profession protected you from any tenderness towards superstition.
4. I wish Charley Dog could have been with us. He would have admired this night.
5. I'm most grateful for your advice. I very much wish I could accept it. It would make things easier for me.
6. The back of his head felt as if it were weighted with a heavy piece of fire.
7. The world would be healthier if every chemist's shop in England were demolished.
8. The Government, therefore, propose that these matters should, in the first instance, be left to negotiations between the Corporation and the Federation.
9. Whoever you may be, Sir, I am deeply grateful to you.
10. It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in industry is bound to cause trouble.
11. It is essential that every child has the same educational opportunities.
12. We insist that a meeting be held as soon as possible.
13. A demonstration of 500 angry teachers, parents and students in Birmingham yesterday demanded that the council withdrew its £3 million cuts in education.
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14. The paper also recommended that the eligibility age for retirement benefits be raised gradually from 65 to 68 by the year 2012.
15. The majority of people, be they politicians, trade unionists or employers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers.
16. It would be foolish to think that all this will be easy.
17. Had the wanderer remained awake for another half-hour, a strange sight would have met his eyes.
18. The coloured believe that if white children had been involved in, the tragedy would have received huge public and press attention.
19. Unemployment of those proportions, were it general, would be a national catastrophe.
20. It is high time that the country abandoned and changed this course while there is still time to do so.
21. If Mars were to be a testing ground for our notions about the origin of life, we should avoid using the same notions to conclude in advance that Mars is lifeless.
22. I was afraid lest my aunt Should be displeased with me.
■ 2. , , , .
"Would You Like Your Son or Daughter to Become a Scientist? If So, in What Field?"
The questions were asked by the Youth Section of the Literary Gazette and a British scientist was reported to answer them as follows.
"I would not like my son or daughter to become a scientist of the kind typical in the world today. The development of science has
already led to many undesirable consequences and is likely to lead to many more unless great effort is made to control the application of scientific discoveries. If, however, science could be developed in a new way to become a meaningful social activity, I would be glad to see my son or daughter doing science.
So far as the field is concerned, I think there will be a growing tendency for scientists to occupy themselves with problems which affect fairly directly the lives of the people. There seems to exist a great need to develop science which deals specially with the problems of how the applications of science affect man. To cite but a few examples, there are such problems as urban development, education and, of course, the prevention of war. If the new knowledge about the world is used for the benefit of man, rather than for death and destruction, the human race can continue to benefit from science for centuries to come."
while
while .
While ; .
Older men probably resented him while others of his own generation could feel so inadequate when comparing their talent to his.
, , , , .
while ; , .
While I was fumbling for some money, () my friend paid the fares. , .
while .
While I disapprove of what you say, I would defend to the death your right to say it.
, , .
while I. .
While trying to open the can, I cut my , hand. .
unless
unless - , until.
|
|
|
Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers.
We always have to wait till / until the last customer has left.
, .
, ( , ) .
- unless if... not. unless , if... not. unless . , . unless, if not , .
Unless you change your mind, I won't be able to help you.
If you don't change your mind, I won't be able to help you.
, .
unless : ... , ... , . , unless. , , , + , ..
At the meetings it became clear that unless the union leadership carried out their wishes, the men may form their own organizations.
, , , , .
■ 1. .
1. Unless paying by credit card, please pay in cash.
2. While admitting that he had received the stolen jewellery, he denied having taken part in the robbery.
3. The civil rights groups complained that while racial segregation was illegal in New York, it existed in fact.
4. In Paris the prolonged Anglo-French talks ended with a joint communique which, while claiming some agreement, admitted differences.
5. As readers of Shakespeare will remember,' Chester was the port of military expeditions to Ireland, England's first overseas colony, while the city's wealthy merchants carried on a rich trade with France, Spain and other countries.
6. While concerned at the possible loss of jobs for 200 engineers at their own factory, the British Siddeley workers are expressing concern at the whole future of the aircraft industry.
7. Unless present trends are reversed, one-third of the 25,000,000 or more young people who will come into the labour market during the next 10 years will not have a high school diploma.
8. The more discriminating and capricious the public is, the better for us, because unless we can meet the demands of that kind at home, we shall never hold on to export markets abroad.
9. Unless the National Coal Board comes to terms with the justified wage demands of the miners, a fuel crisis is possible over the Christmas period.
10. The houses will not be built, nor will the rents be reasonable, unless the land is available cheaply and the rate of interest on housing loans reduced.
11. While skating along at full speed, they heard the cars coming close behind them.
12. While at college, Delia wrote a novel.
13. Unless the management improve their offer, there'll be a strike.
14. I couldn't have got to the meeting on time unless of course I had caught an earlier train.
|
|
|
-- (determiners), , . , , .
: / an the.
:
1) ;
I heard a train approaching. .
The train (that I heard approaching) , was going very fast.
2) , -;
A Mr. Johnson wants to speak with you. - () -
.
3) , ;
Are you the Mr. Johnson (the famous)? () - ?
4) ();
You must take this medicine three times a day. .
5) .
Chelsea is the place for rest for young - people. .
, .
, ( ) , , , . , that, one. , . , .
The temperature was only a degree above zero.
The ship is not the ship that we saw at the harbour yesterday. It is just a ship.
. , . - .
the , . .
1. ( ) , , () , .., , , , , , , .
"Ah! Mr. Burton!" exclaimed the Di- "... ( ) , rector, "the very person I wanted." ".
"...but, my dear, if you remember, I "... ".
did not encourage the idea."
2. () . , , war - , .; the Depression 1930- . , .
Under the circumstances I thought it , -
better that we should keep ourselves to -
ourselves. .
■ 1. .
1. Inventions and discoveries have led to the mechanisation of industry.
2. Modern art reflects all the uncertainty and instability of modern life.
3. All power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
4. The discovery of the New World brought undreamt of wealth to the Europe of the sixteenth century.
5. Society today is probably more tolerant of the weak and the unfortunate than ever before.
6. Politics is the art of the possible.
7. For the first time in history mankind has the power to destroy itself.
8. The last Monday in August is a national holiday in England.
/ an 1) 2) , , .
1. , , , -, -, , , , , , .
|
|
|
Too often the stories about amazing foreign weapons come from people in - reporters' services or defense contrac- () tors with an interest in exaggeration. () ,
( ) .
A drowning man catches at a straw. ()
.
2. , , to call for, to announce, to seek, to favour, to propose, to drive, to plan, to wage .., proposal, appeal ..
The Peace Committee today called for - top-level conference on disarmament.
.
, ( ), .
The assumption that there is a special (), - relationship between London and Wash- - ington irritates the French. ,
.
3. (), , .. , .
The plan of action was worked out thoroughly and in great detail.
A plan of action was worked out thoroughly and in great detail.
( ).
(, ).
.
a power
power , ,
a government government
a few, a little ( ) few, little ( )
has a few objections, but they are unimportant.
He has few ideas on that matter. They said they have little faith in the premier's promises.
, . (). , .
: ) ;
Pour the water into the glass. .
Pour some water into the glass. .
) .
A woman came up to me and asked what time it was.
The woman has come...
, .
...
■ 1. .
1. There was a time when the government leaders were well aware of this.
2. It is time for a decision: without it, in the end, there will be no possible solution.
3. Few other international problems have such a complex structure or such wide repercussions.
4. On this particular morning he sat facing a new client, a Mr. Redginald Wade.
5. He hadn't answered the one letter she had written to him.
6. I was beginning to mix with people of a kind I'd never mixed before.
7. I don't believe he is a Newton, though he is undoubtedly an extremely talented physicist.
8. I looked round as Car stood up with cries of welcome. I was taken aback. Yes, it was the David Rubin I knew very well, the American physicist.
9. It was a very sharp and decisive Poirot who spoke now.
10. I cannot identify anyone. But I could testify that a woman came out of that particular room at that particular time.
11. A 50-point salary structure is proposed by the National Union of Teachers to-day. The new structure will be submitted to the Blackpool annual conference in April.
12. Always a moment came when we had to face the fact that no trains were coming in.
13. I use the elevated word for want of a better one and by it I don't mean learning. I mean the stamp left by blood plus bringing up, the two taken strictly together.
14. A young girl is a very interesting phenomenon, George, especially when she has brains.
15. One does not just communicate, one communicates something to someone. And the something communicated is not the words used in the communication, but whatever those words represent.
16. He had hardly spoken a word since they left Riccardo's door...
17. A cold May is the usual thing in the north.
18. The May of 1945 will always rest in my memory.
it
it .
1. 3- . . .:
) : , , ,
;
; _____________________________________________________
Where is the chair? It is in the corner of the room.
Take your watch... It is on the shelf.
? . () () ... .
This is a very urgent case and we shall discuss it immediately.
| ) : , ..; . |
, .
2. :
: ; ; , , .
It is winter. It is cold. It snows in winter. It is December.
. . . .
3. :
) , , , It is necessary / easy / possible / pleasant / wrong .., it is supposed / said / believed / expected .., it is likely, it seems ..; ;
| It is said that he knows English well. He said it was possible for an agreement to be reached. | , . , . |
| ) to make, to find, to think, to consider, to feel , to believe , ; ; . | |
| I find it necessary to look through these articles. He felt it his duty to help his group-ma- tes. | . . |
| 4. : , : . | |
| It is our University teacher. It is a nice room. | . . |
. :
, : it is (was), (who, whom, whose, that ..)
(when, where); ; , ; , , , , ; it .
Don't blame her. It was me who opened the door.
It is for that reason that the present book is both timely and appropriate.
He . .
.
Not till (until) , .
It is not until November that the pen- , - sioners will receive the increase pro- , vided for in the budget. .
■ 1. , , it.
1. It took him some time to bring home the fact that the experiment was dangerous.
2. Nowadays most people find it difficult to keep pace with the information accumulating in their special field of interest.
3. It is not quite clear at the moment who will see to it that all is in balance.
4. It is not very wise of you to cut your life short by ignoring your doctor's advice.
5. It was only in this century that aluminium was produced in quantity.
6. It is also important that more and more service and auxiliary operations are being done by automatic devices: no longer does the cosmonaut have to depend on ground control for a lot of valuable information.
7. Many people in the world believe that it is man who is degrading and polluting his environment.
8. It is perhaps for this reason that most of the significant experimental results have surfaced in the last five to seven years.
9. It was not until the mid-forties that this problem was recognized.
10. One of the most dangerous products of unjust wars is intolerance, violence and repression in the country waging the war. It suits reaction to stir up hysteria and, in the name of "patriotism", set the jingo riff-raff against those who are campaigning for peace.
11. In a joint statement Mr B. and his colleagues said that they felt it their duty to help the Government to build true unity in the country and kill tribalism and discrimination.
12. The gap between the highest paid manager and the manual workers in any company is, the pamphlet argues, particularly wide here in Britain. It is this gap that Mr N. and his Cabinet want to force wider still.
13. It is the strength of the peoples that can ensure a world without war, without arms, a world of our dreams.
14. It is not until June 5 that the Bill will be published.
15. The corporation has said earlier that it will not negotiate until normal working is resumed.
one
one , .
| - | |||
| ) ; ) ; ) . | , - . | . | |
| has no pencil; give him one. | , () (). | ||
| ) ; ) ; ) . | , . | , . | |
We found new methods of investigation as the old ones were unsatisfactory.
, () .
There is only one book on the table. One must know the traffic rules.
One learns much by reading books.
|
| , , . |
This subject is more difficult than the one we had in the 5th term.
; , one, .
.
.
( ) , .
, , - 5- .
■ 1. .
1. One believes things because one has been conditioned to believe them.
2. One's family can be a real nuisance at times.
3. "You have a situation where the softer ones see their interests defended by the 'no future people' who are ready to take any kind of risk," he said.
4. The winner will be the one whom the voters don't want less than they don't want his opponent.
5. In old age there is a deep and different sense about human beings and situations, one that just isn't possible when one is younger.
6. The only items remaining on the agenda were the ones listed in the Journal for 16 February.
7. The new Cabinet shows significant changes, both personal and constructional, from the old one.
8. The decision was not an easy one to make. The mechanics of maintaining an embargo presented obvious difficulties.
9. Tokyo Japan's most serious problem and the one that is least discussed is overpopulated.
10. One can easily understand people's aspirations for world peace.
11. Today it means the struggle for an independent foreign policy, one that will halt all armed intervention.
12. World trade is improving, but one cannot expect miracles.
13. I remember one Charlie Brown at school.
14. One man's meat is another man's poison.
15. One should never take oneself too seriously.
that (those)
that , .
1. : , , ( ); .
Give me that textbook, please. , .
2. -: of; ; , , .
This method of work is much more ef- - ficient than that of your team. (
, ).
3. : , ; , , , .
Space ships can cover distances that are - measured in millions of kilometres. , .
The machines that you see are pro- (), - duced by the local machine-building , - plant. .
4. : ; .
They know that we shall do our best to , - help them. , .
7 . 2642
5. : .
That the launching of the manned space ship was the greatest achievement of our science was clear to everybody.
To, , () .
6. , : it is / was... that, .
It is the magazine that I need badly. .
■ 1. , that.
1. It struck me that the boss was behaving pretty strangely.
2. Your assumption, that things will improve, is not well-founded.
3. The Bank of England forecasts that investment cuts next year will be severe and more general, and that the trade balance will deteriorate.
4. As Prof. T. sees it, there are two related problems that the international financial community must soon address.
5. The democratic and peace forces today have no task more pressing than that of safeguarding humanity against a global thermonuclear disaster.
6. "This bill is the most realistic solution to youth unemployment because it sets a definite time frame for eradicating joblessness and also contains a strong affirmative action program for minority youth, who are unemployed at a rate three times that of white youth," she said.
7. Now that we understand the problem facing us, it will be easy to make a decision.
8. He resigned as Secretary of State last May. It was not that he disagreed with the President, although that might have been enough. It was that his judgement on a critical policy matter was rejected.
9. The peoples of all countries know that the danger of a new world war exists.
The development of monopoly in the British Empire proceeded differently from that in other countries.
Everything that can be done has been done.
Now that the Parliamentary delegation made a detailed study, they had found things even worse than expected.
Sleep is characterized by at least four stages that differ in depth and pattern of brain waves.
We learn about events that we perceive, and what we perceive is determined partly through learning.
The present royal family invites comparison with that of a century ago.
, , , .
- , , . , , , - , .
. , . . (. : TJP., A.M. , . 84 ).
. .
Courage Jeorge II certainly had. II
.
Money he had none. .
.
The form of the symphonic movements, complex though they became, still bears , the mark of the folksong form.
.
( - ), ( ).
, it, , , .
Often, most always, it is the least well , , written sentences, the ones that the , , author wrote most hastily, that cause - the translator the most trouble. ,
.
It seems to me that it isn't these little , - connections we make in our life that , - matter so very much. They pass away, , - and where are they? It's what endures . (), through one's life that matters. ? ,
, ( ).
until. , , .
It was not until he had read for several , days that he came upon a story that , - quickened his pulse. ,
.
not until , , . , not until it, .
Some roads in Scotland were ice-bound, cars were abandoned in many places, and many people returning from Saturday's international rugby game did not reach home until the early hours.
Ha , , , , .
, , not unnaturally, not unlike, not unfair .
It is not unlike me that in heading to- , , - ward the west I should travel east. , .
: , (respecter) . .
Stress is no respecter of age. Or sex. . Or wealth. . .
. . , , , , respecter.
. - -. . , , .
How would she bear this; this further ? blow? This destructive folly? This shat- ? ? tering foolishness? ?
, - . , , "" , this.
, .
They passed no village bigger than - hamlet and no inn better than an ale- , no- house, but Harry was urgent to stop at , one of them and seek better horses. , , .
, , , (bigger, better) , , .
"" never... that did not, nothing... that was (did) not.
She could see in him nothing that was - not rich, shining, desirable. .
, , .
.
"". , too . .
The accumulation of nuclear weapons (, - cannot be too often emphasized. )
.
:
) , ( much little);
The Senator was less than delighted at the news. .
) at .
The sun was shining and the Mediter- , ranean was at its bluest. - (
).
most .
It was a most fascinating film.
.
as... as any, anybody, anything.
Old Jolyon was as lonely an old man as , , - any in London.
.
as... as , . , as many as, as much as, as early as, as long as .
As many as 3,000 of Britain's villages, towns and urban areas may be "conserved" from the eyesores of traffic and parking signs, overhead cables and untidy advertisements.
As many as three weeks the travellers spent in the jungle.
3000 , , - .
.
(modified statements) .
Is the ship as bad as the newspapers say? Worse, if anything.
A top-level group of American scientists yesterday stated that in the past 20 years the study of flying saucers had little added to scientific knowledge, if at all.
, ? .
, 20 .
.
■ 1. .
1. Only by working hard can you hope to achieve success.
2. What was notable in the discussion was that nearly every participant used the English language with uncommon force and precision.
3. No sooner had I shut the door behind me than I realised I had left my key inside.
4. What happened is that the principles of the Direct Method were oversimplified in practice. They were confused with the
"natural method", in which the language was to be learned the same way as the child learns his mother tongue.
5. Not only did he steal her money, he also half-murdered her.
6. What many people found surprising was that the children took part in the performance most willingly, without the slightest feeling of embarrassment.
7. What it all comes down to is the question whether the novel is a form of art or not. Is its aim to instruct or to please?
8. She saw the door-knob turn slowly; never had she been so frightened.
9. The distant hum of the street traffic was at its faintest.
10. Hardly had I put the phone down when it started ringing again.
11. So that was who it was. Richard the Third. Crouchback. The monster of nursery stories. The destroyer of innocence. A synonym for villainy.
12. Everything that can be done the administration has attended to already.
13. This subject we have examined in an earlier chapter, and need not reconsider.
14. Hardly had I left before the trouble started.
15. Only for a very old friend would I do that.
16. On no account must you accept any money if he offers it.
17. It is up to the individual to decide whether or not he or she smokes. But what ought to be stopped is the effort, using every possible form of persuasion, to start young people on a course which can not end in a great suffering and premature death.
18. Of all differences in the pronunciation of two languages, rhythm is often the most noticeable. What makes a differential description of rhythm complicated is that in some languages, like English, it is closely connected with a number of different factors.
■ 2. , .
"Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well." Whoever said
this originally was perfectly right. For whenever and wherever we
come upon something that is not done properly, we feel annoyed no matter what it is: a poor book, an ugly building, a tasteless dinner or inaccurate measurements. Everybody would seem to agree with this, as far as somebody else's work is concerned. But are we equally critical of everything done by ourselves?
, .
. . , . , , , . . . , , . , - , .
Our arrangement was announce- : - ment for a few days. .
. , . , , , , .
No day was complete without a visit to the picture gallery.
The construction of the United Nations was no easy or simple task.
, .
.
Drought so late in the year is rare but not unknown, commented a gardening expert in the local newspaper.
| , , . . , , . , , . , not uncommon, not without, did not fail, there are few things he can't tell you .. , . . |
Nicky was not an immodest youth.
, , - .
.
, , . , : . , .
, .
If ever you are anywhere in the pro- - vince of Bourgogne, don't fail to visit , -
the inn called "at the Sign of the Reine " -
Pedoque". ".
.
I assure you, I don't at all disbelieve you. , .
, , , .
, .
It is not an uncommon occurrence. .
, .
It is no less than a scandal. .
not , : not a few, not seldom, not once (), , .
not until, , it is... that .
It was not until the early hours of Fri- -
day that the storm abated. .
, .
She sighed not unhappily.
.
.
It's not intolerable, you know, to see , , -
colleague, perhaps, a rival, made , -
fool of. ,
.
■ 1. .
1. No two international problems are alike.
2. No food at all is better than unwholesome food.
3. The article is by a not unknown military correspondent.
4. It was not until 1770 when James Cooke chartered the east coast that any major exploration of Australia was undertaken.
5. Soames, with his set lips and squared chin, was not unlike a bulldog.
6. Gerald corrected him not without unkindness.
7. It is not an unfavourable moment to abolish all military pacts.
8. No wonder money was scarce. If it weren't for his lessons and the advances from his publisher, they would starve. Not that he didn't think about money. On the contrary, he worried about it all the time.
9. I never pass by that little piece of woods where you asked me to marry you that I don't see us two, standing there, you holding my hand.
10. This kind of statement on a very important issue is not unfamiliar. The Government is as always evasive in the matter of extreme urgency.
11. Not unnaturally, the Governments of the United Nations demurred to these proposals.
12. She thought him, however, a good-looking fellow in his knickerbockers and thick stockings, and was not displeased when he came up to speak to her, asking if she remembered him.
13. To compare these two plays is not really unfair.
14. We not infrequently go abroad.
- , .
It's a nice day, isn't it (a nice day)?
It was better than I expected (it would be).
| if any, if anything - , , , , . |
Honest (students) and clever students always succeed.
, ?
, .
.
Objections to this plan, if any, should be reported to the committee at once.
Very little, if anything, could be advanced in the defence of his policy.
, . (, ...)
.
If anything , .
If anything, it will be in their interests , to follow this course. .
, whatever, however, ( ). , ( ).
The British people have to submit to - new taxation, however high. ,
