1. Я видел его вчера. Он играл в футбол. 2. Дождь идет с утра. Когда я вышел из дома, он шел. 3. Какое на тебе красивое платье! Ты выглядишь замечательно! 4. Я звонил ему несколько раз, но его нет дома. 5. Подожди меня. Я уже заканчиваю. Я как раз дописываю последнюю строчку. 6. Поезд отправляется в пять часов. Если ты не поторопишься, то мы опоздаем. 7. Он вечно пытается убедить всех в своей правоте. Вот и сейчас он так ведет себя. 8. Не звони мне вечером. Я целый вечер буду работать над переводом. 9. В воскресенье у нас вечеринка. Ты присоединишься к нам, я надеюсь? 10. Ты выглядишь таким усталым. - Я готовился к экзаменам несколько часов подряд. 11. К утру я буду знать результаты. Я уже давно жду их. 12. Осенью будет три года, как я учу английский. 13. Он добрался домой до того, как стемнело. 14. Не успела она и позавтракать, как принесли эту телеграмму. 15. Едва он переступил порог дома, когда зазвонил телефон. 16. Вчера я два часа провел в его кабинете. Раньше я проводил у него не более пяти минут. 17. Не прошло и пяти минут, как он вернулся с ответом. 18. Я надеюсь увидеться с тобой до того, как я уеду. Мы с тобой редко видимся в последнее время. Я давно видел тебя. 19. Через два дня я разговариваю с боссом. Я не знаю, что он скажет мне. Скоро будет семь лет, как я тут работаю. 20. Он несколько раз разговаривал со мной по этому поводу. Но я все еще обдумываю его предложение.
Ex. 3. Translate using different tenses.
1. Ha следующей неделе я сдаю экзамен по английскому. Я надеюсь, что сдам его. 2. К понедельнику я закончу все свои дела. Я как раз заканчиваю первый рассказ. 3. Я знаю его уже давно. Скоро будет 10 лет, как мы живем в одном доме. 4. За последнее время он много читает. До того, как он поступил в университет, он не читал такие книги. 5. Какое на тебе красивое платье! Ты никогда раньше так хорошо не выглядела. 6. Поезд прибывает через 2 часа. Кто встречает Ника? 7. Ты вечно говоришь глупости, когда много людей! За последнее время над тобой уже несколько раз посмеивались. 8. Что вы делали, когда вернулся Джек? - Когда он вошел в дом, я все еще работал над статьей. Я работал над ней с самого утра. 9. Твое пальто мокрое. Ты шел по дождю? 10. С понедельника до среды на прошлой неделе он был в Лондоне. - Он никогда раньше не был там? 11. Едва только прозвенел звонок, как вошел мистер Смит. 12. Не успела она закрыть за ним дверь, как расплакалась. 13. Он едва успел окончить университет, когда его пригласили на работу. 14. Когда я впервые встретил его, его книга уже была опубликована. 15. Он никогда не бывает сердит, раньше он часто выходил из себя. 16. В следующем месяце будет 7 лет, как этот музей открыт для посетителей. 17. Он прождал около часа до того, как его пригласили в кабинет. 18. Он сказал, что не знает, как это произошло. Целый день он работал в гараже. 19. Моя машина поломалась. Я не смогу подвезти тебя. 20. Тебя пригласили на концерт? - Да, меня пригласили уже давно. Но я не уверен, что смогу прийти, завтра я буду целый день убирать квартиру.
2.3. Пассивный залог / Passive voice tenses
Passive voice
Voice is the category of the verb which indicates relation of the predicate to the subject and the object.
There are three voices in English: the active voice, the passive voice.
The active voice shows that the person or thing denoted by subject is the doer of the action expressed by the predicate.
The passive voice shows that the person or thing denoted the subject is acted upon.
| Active | Passive | ||||
| Subject | Predicate | Object | Subject | Predicate | Object |
| The storm | damaged | the roof. | The roof | was damaged | by the storm. |
| doer | receiver | doer | receiver |
It is formed with the auxiliary verb to be in the required tense and Past participle (V3) of the main verb.
| PASSIVE VOICE | |||
| Present | Past | Future | |
| Indefinite | am is + V3 are The students are examined each term | was + V3 were The students were examined last month | will + be + V3 The students will be examined next |
| Continuous | am is + being + V3 are The students are being examined in room 10. | was + being + V3 were The students were still being examined when I left. | ---------------------- |
| Perfect | have (has)+been+V3 The students have been examined this month | had + been + V3 The students had been examined by July 15 | Will + have + been + V3 The students will have been examined by July 15 |
Only the verbs which take an object can go into the passive (=transitive verbs). Intransitive verbs can‘t be used in the Passive Voice.
A feature of English is that a verb in the active form may have a passive meaning. e.g. The cow milks well. The cardigan wears well. The dress washes badly.
The passive is preferred to the active when we are more interested in the action than in the person who does it. It happens in the following cases:
1) when it is not necessary to mention the doer of the action as it is obvious who she/he is/was or will be. e.g. The streets are swept every day.
2) when the speaker doesn‘t know who did the action or when the doer cannot be named definitely. In such cases the subject of the active sentence would be typically expressed by the noun ― people or by the indefinite pronouns ― one, someone, somebody, they, you. e.g. My car has been moved. =Someone has moved my car. A new public library is being built. =They are building a new public library.
3) when the speaker wants to avoid an awkward or ungrammatical sentence (when the subject of an active sentence consists of a long expression). e.g. Don‘s decision to give up his job and move to Sydney surprised me. (-) I was surprised by Don‘s decision to give up his job and move to Sydney. (+)
4) when the speaker wants to disclaim responsibility for disagreeable announcements or when he wants to make a polite statement. e.g. You have opened the letter! (impolite) The letter has been opened. (polite)
The passive is more widely used in formal English and in written English. It is common for official rules, news items, newspaper reports of accidents and crimes, instructions, advertisements, headlines, signs, science and technology, formal explanations.
If we want to say who did the action we introduce the doer by “by”, the instrument which was used to perform an action is introduced by the preposition “with”. “With” is also used to talk about materials and ingredients. e.g. He was accompanied by his friend. The building was lit by lightning. The windows were broken with a baseball bat. He was killed with a knife. Irish coffee is made with whisky. The room was filled with smoke.
Here is a list of prepositional verbs (A), phrasal verbs (B) and phraseological units (C) to be learnt:
A
1) account for – to give an explanation or reason for;
2) arrive at (a decision, conclusion, agreement) – to reach, to come to;
3) ask for – to make a request for;
4) approve of – to consider good, wise, right; disapprove of – to consider bad, wrong, unwise;
5) break into – to enter by force: to break into a house;
6) call for – to demand (e.g. to call for the waiter, to call for the bill); to collect (someone or something); 7. comment on – to make a remark, give an opinion;
8) deal with – to do business, to trade with;
9) depend on – to trust (usually someone);
10) hear from – to receive news from someone usually by letter;
11) hear of – to know or to hear about (a fact, existence of something or somebody);
12) insist on (upon) – to declare firmly (when opposed);
13) interfere with – to get in the way of another, to prevent from happening;
14) laugh at – to treat as foolish, worthless or an object of fun;
15) listen to – to give attention in hearing;
16) look at – to give attention in seeing, use the eyes;
17) look after – to take care of someone or something;
18) look for – to try to find;
19) look into – to examine the meaning or causes of something;
20) mock at – to laugh at (someone or something) when it is wrong to do so;
21) object to – to be against something or someone;
22) provide for – to support, supply with necessary things;
23) read to – to say printed or written words especially to give pleasure to others;
24) refer to – to mention, speak about;
25) rely on – to trust someone to do something;
26) send for – to give a command, request;
27) shout at – to give a loud cry, speak or say very loudly;
28. think highly (well, little, poorly) of someone or something – to have a good (bad, etc.) opinion of someone or something;
29) wait for – to stay somewhere without doing anything until somebody or something comes or something happens;
30) write to – to produce and send (a letter);
e.g. I hope the child will be looked after while the parents are away. She was well provided for in her husband‘s will. I hate to be shouted at. His foolish behaviour could not be accounted for.
B
1) blow down – to fall by blowing;
2) blow out –to (cause) stop burning;
3) break down – to destroy something, reduce to pieces;
4) bring up – to educate and care for the family until grown; to raise or introduce (a subject, a question); 5. call up –to order(someone) to join the armed forces;
6) give up – to stop believing that someone can be saved especially from death;
7) hold up – to delay;
8) knock down – to destroy a house by means of blows;
9) let down – to cause someone to be disappointed in one‘s loyalty; to fail to keep a promise t someone; 10. pick on – to choose someone to do an unpleasant job or blame someone for something, especially unfairly; to choose something or someone;
11) pick out – to choose someone or something carefully; to recognize someone or something in a group of people or things;
12) pick up – to lift something up from a surface; to collect someone who is waiting for you or something that you have left somewhere;
13) point out – to draw attention to something or someone;
14) pull down – to break to pieces and destroy something;
15) pull out – to remove by drawing out;
16) put off – to move to a later date, to delay;
17) run over (of a vehicle or its driver) – to nock down and pass over the top of (esp. a creature);
18) see off – to go to the airport, station, etc. with someone who is beginning a trip;
19) take down – to write down; to separate (a large machine or article) into pieces;
e.g. The mail will be picked up a bit later. Their wedding has been put off. The window was blown out by the explosion.
C
1) to do away with – to cause to end, abolish;
2) find fault with – to complain, perhaps too much or too often;
3) lose sight of – to cease to see; to forget;
4) make use of – to use well, to take advantage of;
5) make fun of – to laugh or cause others to laugh rather unkindly;
6) pay attention to – to take notice of;
7) put an end to – to stop from happening any more;
8) put up with – to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining;
9) set fire to – to light (something) not really meant to burn, set something on fire;
10) take (good) care of – to be responsible for someone or something;
11) take notice of – to pay attention to;
e.g. She said something but her words were taken no notice of. This state of affairs will be put an end to. At last the ship was lost sight of. The main purpose of the discussion mustn’t be lost sight of.
Exercises: THE PASSIVE VOICE
