1. Mother (to her daughter): "Buy some bread and milk Helen." 2. Teacher (to the class)- "Don't speak Russian at the English lesson." 3. Jack (to me). "Please. give me your dictionary." 4. Doctor (to the boy): "Don't have cold drinks." 5. The teacher (to the student)- "Repeat this story from beginning to 2nd'. 6. Ann (to her girlfriend): "Will you help me with this exercise?". 7. Jack (to the police man)- "Tell me the time, please." 8. Mother (to her child): "Don't speak so loudly." 9. The teacher (to the student): "Clean the blackboard, please." 10. Steven. 'Andrew pass me some bread please".
Ex. 6. Use "say" or "tell" in the соrrect form:
1. He …. he hadn't been invited. 2. He... to give his name. 3. Mother... Jim to wash up and clean the house when the guests had left. 4. I couldn't understand what she.... 5. In the taxi he … to her he had quitted his job. 6. She … she would return soon. 7. We... that our examination would begin at eight. 8. 1 wondered who... her such nonsense! 9. She it to me confidentially but I can't help sharing it with you. 10. They... they had enjoyed the concert. 11. Who... that smoking is harmful? 12. She.. her not to interfere.
Ex. 7. Translate into English.
Он сказал, что: 1. Они изучают испанский. 2. Она прекрасно знает английский. 3. У его брата новая машина. 4. Она красивая девушка. 5. Еro родители не понимают его. 6. Они ходят в театр раз в неделю. 7. Том работает сейчас в библиотеке. 8. Мама готовит ужин. 9. Папа читает газету 10. Он потерял ключ. 11. Его сестра научилась водить машину. 12. Родители вернулись из отпуска. 13. Никогда не был в Америке. 14. Он ждет уже час.
Она сказала что: 1. Он может прийти пораньше. 2. Они не могут помочь, ему. 3. Он умеет говорить по-японски. 4. Она должна прийти в пять. 5. Они не смогут перевести этот текст. 6. Ему приходится рано вставать. 7. Мне следует бросить курить. 8. Может пойти дождь. 9. Они могут справиться с работой сами. 10. В дождь нельзя ездить на автомобиле с такой скоростью. 11. Умеет играть в шахматы с детства.
Он сказал, что. 1. Навестит родителей в субботу. 2. Они встрется на следующей неделе. 3. Его отец будут встречать его на вокзале. 4. Они будут играть в футбол после уроков во дворе. 5. Родители будут смотреть этот фильм вечером. 6. На нем будет коричневый пиджак и серые брюки. 7. Он не закончит работу к этому времени. 8. Он починит мой телевизор к концу недели. 9. Его друг вернет ему деньги к завтрашнему утру.
Он сказал, что: 1. Написал им письмо на прошлой неделе. 2. Они звонили ему в понедельник. 3. Он потратил целый час чтобы добраться до нас. 4. Поезд пришел вовремя. 5. Никто не встретил его на станции. 6. Он старался изо всех сил в прошлом семестре. 7. Они уже были в итальянском ресторане. 8. Они знали друг друга два месяца, когда поженились.
2.4. Модальные глаголы / Modal verbs
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs (can, could, must, should, ought to, may, might, will, would, shall) are modal auxiliary verbs that express ability, necessity, obligation, duty, request, permission, advice, desire, probability, possibility, etc.
Modal verbs express the speaker's attitude to the action indicated by the main verb.
Modal verbs take the infinitive without the particle " to ". (The modal verb OUGHT TO consists of two parts: "ought" and "to".)
| He must go. (must + simple infinitive) | Он должен идти. (must + простой инфинитив) |
| He must be in the other room. (must + simple infinitive) | Он, должно быть, в другой комнате. (must + простой инфинитив) |
| He must be sleeping. (must + continuous infinitive) | Он, должно быть, спит. (must + продолженный инфинитив) |
| He must have gone home. (must + perfect infinitive) | Он, должно быть, ушел домой. (must + перфектный инфинитив) |
| He must have been sleeping. (must + perfect continuous infinitive) | Он, должно быть, спал. (must + перфектный продолженный инфинитив) |
| It must be done quickly. (must + passive infinitive) | Это должно быть сделано быстро. (must + пассивный инфинитив) |
| It must have been done already. (must + perfect passive infinitive) | Это, должно быть, уже сделано. (must + перфектный пассивный инфинитив) |
CAN
The modal verb “CAN” has two tense forms: CAN – Present, COULD – Past.
The construction “To Be Able To Do Smth” is an equivalent and it is used to denote some circumstances. For example:
She is not able to sing today. She has a sore throat
He will be able to get tickets if we ask him.
He was not able to come because he had some troubles
The modal verb “CAN” is used in it’s three meanings.
| Concrete | Imperative | Suppositional |
| · Physical or mental ability. She can speak English fluently | · Permission You can go now | · Strong doubt about the present Can you know it? Could you know it? |
| · To express circumstantial ability/ the ability is presented by some circumstances. You can get books at any library. You can buy this dress at any shop | · Request Can I go there? Could I go there? | · Strong doubt about the past Could you have done it? I don't believe. |
| · Prohibition/forbidden by laws or rules/. You can't speak with your mouth full. You can't cross the street here! | · Doubt about the present and the past He can't be so silly. She couldn't have done so. | |
| BE ABLE TO | Present and Future | Past |
| 1. ability: affirmative and negative statements and questions; substitute for CAN in cases of ability or skill in the future | He is able to do it himself. (Он в состоянии сделать это сам.) Will he be able to walk soon? (Он скоро сможет ходить?) He will be able to do it tomorrow. (Он сможет это сделать завтра.) He won't be able to go with us. (Он не сможет пойти с нами.) | She wasn't able to drive when she was 15. (Она не умела водить, когда ей было 15 лет.) Was she able to drive when she was 18? (Умела она водить, когда ей было 18?) |
| 2. ability in the past, with realized action: substitute for COULD | – | He was able to swim across the river yesterday. (Он смог переплыть реку вчера.) He was able to get out when the fire started. (Он смог выбраться, когда начался пожар.) He wasn't able to solve that problem. (Он не сумел решить ту проблему.) |
If there are two negations in the sentence we should use " FAIL ". For example:
Could he have failed to return?
She could not have failed to notice it
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Fill the following spaces, using can for present, could for past and shall/will be able for future.
1... you stand on your head? ~ I... when I was at school but I... now. (2nd verb negative). 2. When I've passed my driving test I... hire a car from our local garage. 3. At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he... pay. (negative). 4. I... remember the address, (negative) ~... you even remember the street? (negative). 5. When the fog lifts we... see where we are... 6. You've put too much in your rucksack; you never... carry all that. 7. When I was a child I... understand adults, and now that I am an adult I... understand children, (negative, negative). 8. When you have taken your degree you... put letters after your name? 9. Don't try to look at all the pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you... remember any of them. (negative). 10. When I first went to Spain I... read Spanish but I... speak it. (2nd verb negative). 11.... you type?~ Yes, I... type but I... do shorthand, (2nd verb negative). 12. I'm locked in. I... get out! (negative) ~... you squeeze between the bars? (negative) ~ No! I...; I'm too fat. (negative)
Could and was able
13. He was very strong; he... ski all day and dance all night. 14. The car plunged into the river. The driver... get out but the passengers were drowned. 15. I was a long way from the stage. I... see all right but I... hear very well. (2nd verb negative). 16. We... borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet. 17.... you walk or did they have to carry you? 18. I had no key so I... lock the door. (negative). 19. I knew the town so I... advise him where to go. 20. When the garage had repaired our car we... continue our journey. 21. At five years old he... read quite well. 22. When I arrived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I... wake my sister and she let me in. 23. The swimmer was very tired but he... reach the shore before he collapsed. 24. The police were suspicious at first but I... convince them that we were innocent.
polite requests and conditional.
25.... I speak to Mr Pitt, please?~ I'm afraid he's out at the moment.... you ring back later? 26. If you stood on my shoulders... you reach the top of the wall? ~ No, I'm afraid I... (negative). 27. If I sang... you accompany me on the piano?~ No, 1..., 1... play the piano! (negative, negative). 28. If a letter comes for me... you please forward it to this address? 29. She made the wall very high so that boys... climb over it. (negative). 30. They took his passport so that he... leave the country, (negative). 31.... you tell me the time, please? ~ I'm afraid 1.... I haven't got a watch. (negative). 32. If you had to,... you go without food for a week?~ I suppose I... if I had plenty of water. 33.... you lend me Ј5? ~ No, I... (negative). 34. They used to chain valuable books to library desks so that people... take them away. (negative). 35. He says that he saw Clementine drowning but... help her as he... swim. (negative, negative). 36. If you had had the right tools... you have repaired the engine?
Ex. 2. Express doubt, surprise or disbelief using the verb "can (could)"* according to the model, give reasons for your disbelief, surprise etc.
M o d e l I: It looks as if she were still sleeping.
Can she be still sleeping?
She can't be still sleeping. It's time she were at work.
1. He seems to be still writing his course-paper. 2. They say he is a fair man. 3. The film is said to be very bad. 4. It seems she is silent on the matter for fear of making him angry. 5. He is said to be good company. 6. He appears to be still waiting for her. 7. They say she is completely cured. 8. Leave me alone. I am tired. 9. He is still hesitating about our offer. 10. They say he is still a student. 11. They say he is very experienced.
M o d e l II: They say he put his idea into practice.
Can he have put this idea into practice?
He can't have put his idea into practice. It's quite impracticable.
1. I hear they treated her unkindly. 2. Everybody thinks her remark was intended for you. 3. He is said to have given up music. 4. Believe it or not, she hesitated before accepting his proposal of marriage. 5. I hear people say he has made a good doctor. 6. He was appointed secretary of the committee, they say. 7. He is said to have been promoted again. 8. She seems to have missed the joke. 9. I hear he sharply criticized your suggestion. 10. They put him off with some excuse and they gave the job to a different man. 11. He has guessed about our intentions, I think.
