1. Will you give me your pen for a moment? I (to leave) mine at home. -I (to be) sorry. I (to write) with it now. Ann (not to write) and can give you her. 2. You (to read) The Gadfly? - I (to read) now. 1 (not to finish) it yet. 3. We (to have) dinner in the new cafe tonight. You (to be) there already? - Yes, we (to go) the day before. 4. Where (to be) Ann? - She (to be) in the kitchen - What she (to do)? - She (to wash up) -1 (to do) all my duties and (to be) free now. 5. What the matter (to be)? You (to look) very pale 1 never (see) you so pale before -I (to have) u very tiring day - You (to work) too much this month! 6. Who (to play) the piano? Mary still (to have) a music lesson? - No, the lesson (to be) over and the teacher (to go) Mother (to play) for little Kitty. 7.1 (not to hear) this news yet. 1 (lo switch on) the radio this morning. 8. I (to speak) to Jane just now. She (to return) already from New York and (to come) to us this evening. 9. What you (to look) for? -1 (to put) my dictionary somewhere and can't find it now. 10. Nick (to be) at home since morning. He (to play) hockey with his group-mates.
Ex. 15. Translate using the Present Perfect:
1. - ? - , - . 2. , ? 3. . ? 4. . . 5. , . 6. ? . 7. , . . . 8. , . . 9. , . 10. . 11. . 12. . . 13 . . 14. , . 15. . . 16. , . 17. - ? - . 18. ? 19. . 20. , . 21. - ? - , . 22. , . 23. , . 24. . 25. ? 26. . 27. . 28. - ? - , . 29. . 30. . .
Ex. 16. Translate into English using the Present Simple, Continuous, Perfect:
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1. . , . 2. ? ? 3. . - . ? 4. , . 5. - ? - , . 6. , ? -, . 7. ? - , . 8. , . 9. , , . 10. ? - , . . 11. ? - . . 12. ? - , . 13. ? - . . 14. . . . 15. ? - , . 16. . 17. . , . 18. . 19. . 20. .
Ex. 17. Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect:
1. How long you (to know) him? - 1 (to know) him since 1984. He (to live) in Moscow for two years and then (to go) to Siberia. 2. When he (to arrive)? - He (to arrive) at 2 o'clock. 3. 1 (to read) this book, when 1 (to be) at school. 4. I can't go now. 1 (not to finish) my work. 5. You (to have) dinner yet? 6. The lecture just (to begin). You (to be) a little late. 7. We (to miss) the tram. Now we have to walk. 8. You (to be) here before? - Yes. I (to spend) the last holiday here. 9. You (to see) Kitty on Monday? - No, 1 (not to see) her this month. 10. Where Tom (to be)? - 1 (not to know). 1 (not to see) him since last night. 11. I (to lose) my pen. You (to see) it anywhere? 12. You ever (to try) to give up smoking? -1 (to-try) several times but failed. 13. Why you (to switch) on the light? It (to be) dark yet 14. When it (to happen)? -1 (to think) last weekend. 15. He (to leave) for the far East two years ago and 1 (not to see) him since. 16. The last post (to come). I (to expect) a letter from my cousin. 17. You (to find) the key which you (to lose yesterday? - Yes. J (to find) in the pocket. 18. I (to see) him in the library this afternoon. 19. I (to make) a mistake, I want to rub it out. 20. Can you give me the textbook? - No, I (to leave) it at home. 21. You (to see) pictures by Picasso? Yes, I (to see) them not long ago. 22. You (to be) to St. Petersburg? - Yes, 1 (to be) there last winter. 23. You (to do) the translation? - No, I (not to finish) yet. 1 (to begin) it 20 minutes ago. 24. When you (to come) to Moscow? -1 (to arrive) this morning.
Ex. 18. Translate into English with the Past Simple or the Present Perfect:
1. , . . 2. . . 3. ? ! 4. ? - . . 5. . . 6. , . 7. , . . 8. , . 9. , . 10. ! . ? 11. . . 12. , , . 13. . 14. . 15. . . 16. ? - . 17. ? - , . 18. ? 19. . . 20. ? - , . 21. , , ! 22. ? . 23. , ? - . . 24. , - . 25. . . 26. ? . 27. . 28. . . 29 . 30. . 31. . 32. . . 33. ? - . 34. , a . 35. 10 . .
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Ex. 19. Make up situations to justify the use of the Present Perfect or the Past Simple in the following pairs of sentences:
1. I left the car outside the gate. I've left the car outside the gate. 2. We settled everything. We've settled everything. 3. You behaved like a naughty girl. You've behaved like a naughty girl. 4. The child took his toys to the park. The child has taken his toys to the park. 5. I taught little children. I've taught little children 6. I hurt my ankle. I've hurt my ankle. 7. I had a letter from home. I've had a letter from home. 8. Did you speak to him? Have you spoken to him? 9. We were engaged for nearly two years. We've been engaged for nearly two years. 10. He brought his collection of stamps. He has brought his collection of stamps.
Ex. 20. Make up situations to justify the use of the Present Perfect or the Past Simple in the following pairs of sentences containing the indication of a period of time:
1. I haven't read the paper this morning. I didn't read the paper this morning. 2. I haven't seen them for years I didn't see them for years. 3. He has gone to the country for two days He went to the country for two days. 4. He has been a teacher for ten years. He was a teacher for ten years 5. I've had a letter from him today. I had a letter from him today. 6. Have you seen him this afternoon? Did you see him this afternoon? 7. We haven't corresponded for months. We didn't correspond for months. 8. He has called me three times this week. He called me three times this week. 9. I've met them both this afternoon 1 met them both this afternoon.
Ex. 21. Translate using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple with the indication of time:
1. , ? 2. , , - . 3. . . 4. -, , , . , ? 5. . - , . 6. . . 7. . . 8. , . 9. . . ? 10. . .
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Ex. 22. Use the Present Perfect in the model: It is the first time something has been done.
1. . . 2. . . 3. . , . 4. . . 5. . 6. , . 7. . 8. - ? - , . 9. - ? - , . 10. . . - . , . 11. . . - , . .
Ex. 23. Use the Present Perfect in the adverbial clauses of time and condition:
1. What brings you here before I (to get up)? 2. I'll go there after I (to finish my breakfast). 3. The doctor will do it if you (to agree) to the operation. 4. You will marry her, when you (to make) a fortune. 5. I can't say you more till she (to tell) everything herself. 6. I'll leave the house as soon as 1 (to pack) some things. 7. I'll know my disease when the doctor (to examine) me. 8. We are going for a walk as soon as Dick (to finish) his letters. 9. She will be your guide when you (to come back). 10. I must talk to you before you (to leave).
Ex. 24. Translate using the Present Perfect for the future actions in the adverbial clauses of time and condition:
1. , . 2. , . 3. , . 4. , . 5. , . 6. , . 7. , . 8. , . 9. , . 10. , - .
PAST PERFECT
The Past Indefinite Tense is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the Past Indefinite (had) and Participle II of the notional verb: She had gone to the station when you rang her up. He had read twenty pages by seven 'clock.
The past perfect is used:
1) to denote a past action completed before another past action or before a certain moment in the past. This tense-form is not used simply to describe an action in the distant past. There must be another action, less far away in the past, with which it contrasts as a prior action. The priority of an action is normally indicated:
a) by an adverbial phrase with the preposition by: e.g. By the end of the year they had finally got their long-awaited pay rise.
b) by an adverbial clause of time (with the conjunctions: before, after, by the time , when, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when, barely when): e.g. After he had finished breakfast he sat down to write some letters. The children had cleaned everything up by the time their parents returned. The game had hardly begun when it started to rain. The ride had lasted about ten minutes, when the truck suddenly stopped.
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2) to denote a complete past action which had visible results in the past e.g. He was delighted because he had found a new job. We didnt feel like playing Scrabble because we had just finished a long game of Monopoly.
3) Past Perfect Inclusive is used to denote an action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still going on at that moment. The starting point of the duration is indicated by the preposition since, the whole period of duration by for.
The Past Perfect Inclusive is used:
with verbs not admitting of the Continuous form
in negative sentences (in this case the Past Perfect Continuous is also possible but not common)
with verbs of a dynamic character (in this case the Past Perfect Continuous is possible)
e.g. I knew the Horns had been married for nearly 50 years. George made no answer and we found that he had been asleep for some time.
Note: The use of the Past Perfect for a prior event is often prompted by the lexical and syntactical structure of the sentence. The tense-form is found, in particular:
a) after the construction this/it/that was the first/second/only/best/worst case/time, etc. smth. had happened. e.g. It was the second serious mistake he had made in that job.
b) With the verbs hope, intend, plan, expect, etc. to describe past intentions which were unfulfilled. e.g. I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time.
c) In Indirect Speech in the object clauses after verbs like say, tell, ask, inform, wonder, etc. in the Past Simple. e.g. I wondered if Jim had had a chance to discuss the issue with Mr Kelly.
Exercises: PAST PERFECT
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using the Past Perfect Tense:
1. He learned that they (to buy a new car the year before). 2. When they arrived at the station the train (to leave). 3. She was upset because she (not to get letters from him yet). 4. It was already winter but they (not to meet for some weeks). 5. He understood that he (to get off at the wrong station). 6. He loved the country because (he to spend his childhood there). 7. By three o'clock yesterday she (to come back). 8. He didn't remember how it all (to happen). 9. I didn't know that she (to change her address). 10. We were sure that they (not to tell the truth)
Ex. 2. Use the Past Simple or th Pa t Perfect:
1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) mc the book, which she (to buy) the day before yesterday. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) his sister he flowers which he (to bring) from the field. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) Ann (not to do) her homework. 9. 1 (to barn) that my friend (not to come) yet. 10. 1 (to finish) my work at 7 o'clock 11 I (to finish) my work by 7 o'clock. 12. He (to think) that he (to lose) his money. 13. When the children (to wake up) yesterday, the father already (to leave) for] work. 14. Yesterday she (to write) a letter to a friend, whom she (to meet) in the summer. 15. He (to study) French before he (to enter) the University. 16. Every boy (to know) that their teacher (to get) an education in Paris. 17. He (want) to play the main role, because he (to organize) the theatre. 18. Lanny (not to know) who (to attack) him in the darkness. 19. The girl (to be) glad that she (to find) a window seat. 20. By the time the tram (to reach) the station he (to make) friend with many passengers.
