, - , . XVII . , I, XVIII . II.
, .
, (1769 1834) I.
, , , .
, , .
, , () . 1649 .
- , I 1719 ., , , .
, ( ) , , . .
- , , . XV XVII . , .
1) , . 2) XV XVIII . , . 1704 .
( . Bourgeoisie, .. ) , , , - . , XVI .
(. ) . Ÿ : , , ; ; .
|
|
-.
, IX . , . . XVIII XX . ,
: , , , .
1697 1698 . . , , , , . .. , .. , .. . ϸ I, .
, , - , 1789 . , .
. , , , .
1726 1730 . I , . 7 8 . .
.
1810 1857 ., . . . . , , , .
, 1803 . .
XVI . XX ., , - . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) . 1917 . , . 1923 ., .
, (, , , , ).
, .
|
|
- , , .
; , I 1690 .
. XV . . , . XVI . , .
. I 1714 ., . , , , .
, () .
, ( ), , ( ), (). , . 1610 30- .
( rat, .. ) IV , 1550- . : , . . , . . , . . , . . . , , 1564 .
. . . XIX ., , . . 1920- .
, .
(, , .).
, 1718 .
, 1730 . , .
30- . 1700 . . .
, .
( . contributio) 1) , -. ; 2) , .
, (, , , ..) (). 1556 .
, .
, , , , , , - .
. , 1861 . . , , , , . , , , , .
|
|
, . .
, ; 1775 . - , .
. : ( ), . : .
, .
, , .
, , , , .
.
( . ministro, .. , ) , . 1802 .
- , , .
1) - , ; 2) , .
, (). .
X XVI . , . . XIV XV . . 1555 1556 .
, -, ( ).
, , .
, , .
.
, VIII IX . IX . , .
, , . 74 . , 1 . 14 . . , .
|
|
(, ).
XV XVII . , , . ( ), . .
XVI . - . . XIX . .
, , . . . . 1861 .
( ) . , , , .
XVI XVII . , , . , , , , . , .
, ( ).
( . proletarii, .. ) , , , .
. , .
, , .
( . rotectio, .. , ) , . , , , .
VIII XI . : . - . .
. (XI .) (XII .). ( 1015 .) ( XI .).
( . saecularis, .. , ) ( ) .
(7 .: , , , , , ), 1610 . 1612 . . , , III.
XIV XV . , . .
, , 1611 1612 .
- , . ( ) XVI ., .
IV.
.
XIV XVI . , . , , . .
|
|
, .
, . Ը 1597 . 5- . , 5 15 . 1649 .
, .
- - - . , , , , , , , .
XVIII . , .
, VII . . , , . . . VIII . .
1814 . , XVIII, (1814 1824, 1815 .) .
, , , .
, , .. .
, .
, .
( ).
(62 ). 1717 . . , .
XIII XIV . , .
, , . , , , ..
XVI XVII . , , . . . .
IX . | |
862 . | |
882 . | |
907, 911 . | (), |
941 . | |
944 . | |
945 . | , |
964 966 . | , , |
967 . | |
967 971 . | |
988 . | |
XI . | |
1068 1072 . | , , - . |
1097 . | |
1113 . | , . |
1136 . | , |
1147 . | |
1185 . | - . |
1199 . | |
1209 . | |
1219 1221 . | |
1221 . | |
31 1223 . | . |
1235 . | |
1237 1241 . | |
4 1238 . | , |
15 1240 . | . ( ) |
1240 1241 . | , , |
1240 . | |
5 1242 . | ( ) |
1243 . | |
1250 1569 . | |
1262 . | , , |
1276 1303 . | , |
1299 . | |
1301 1303 . | |
1312 . | |
1325 . | |
1327 . | |
1348 . | |
1367 1369 . | |
1374 . | |
1374 . | |
1375 . | , |
1378 . | . |
8 1380 . | |
1382 . | |
1386 . | |
1393 . | |
1395 . | |
15 1410 . | -- ( ) |
1425 1453 . | |
1436 . | |
1441 . | |
1442 . | () |
1469 1472 . | |
1471 . | |
1472 . | III () , |
1474 . | |
1475 1479 . | |
1478 . | |
1480 . | |
1484 1489 . | |
1485 . | |
1487 1491 . | |
1490- . | |
1492 . | ( 1 1 ) |
1492 1494 . | III , |
1496 1497 . | |
1496 1497 . | II |
1497 . | III |
1503 . | - |
1510 . | |
1514 . | |
1521 . | |
1533 1538 . | , III |
1535 1538 . | |
1547 . | IV |
1549 . | |
1550 . | |
1550 . | |
1551 . | |
1552 . | |
1552 1557 . | |
1555 . | () |
1555 1560 . | ( ) |
1556 . | |
1556 . | |
1558 1583 . | |
1561 . | |
1565 1572 . | |
1571 . | |
1571 . | - , . |
1581 . | |
1581 . | |
1582 . | - |
1583 . | |
1584 . | |
1586 . | , , , , |
1589 . | |
15 1591 . | IV |
18 1595 . | |
1597 . | |
1598 1605 . | |
1603 . | |
1604 . | I - |
1605 1606 . | I |
1606 1607 . | . . |
1606 1610 . | |
1607 . | |
1607 1610 . | II |
1610 1612 . | |
1611 . | |
26 1612 . | |
1613 . | |
1617 . | |
1618 . | |
1630 1632 . | . |
1632 1634 . | |
1634 . | , IV |
1635 1638 . | |
1645 1646 . | . . |
1647 . | |
1648 . | . |
1648 1650 . | |
1649 . | |
1649 1653 . | . . |
1653 . | |
1653 . | . |
1654 1667 . | |
1661 . | |
21 1661 . | |
1662 . | |
1666 . | |
1667 . | |
1670 1671 . | . . |
1672 . | |
1676 1681 . | |
1679 . | ( ) |
13 1681 . | |
1682 . | |
4 1682 . | , . |
1682 . | () |
1686 . | |
1687 . | -- |
1687, 1689 . | . . |
1689 . | |
1695, 1696 . | I |
1697 1698 . | I |
1698 . | |
1 1700 . | () |
1700 1721 . | |
1700 . | |
1700 . | , |
1703 . | |
1703 . | . - |
1705 . | |
1705 1706 . | |
1705 1711 . | |
1707 1708 . | |
1707 . | |
1708 . | |
1708 . | |
1708 . | |
27 1709 . | XII I ( ). |
1710 1711 . | |
12 1711 . | () |
1711 . | |
1714 . | |
1714 . | |
1714 . | |
1714 . | |
1716 . | |
1718 . | |
1718 1724 . | . |
1720 . | |
1720 . | |
1721 . | |
1721 . | |
1721 . | |
1721 . | I |
1722 . | |
1722 . | |
1722 1723 . | |
1724 . | |
1724 . | |
1725 . | . . . |
1726 1730 . | |
1727 . | ( 1734 .) |
21 1727 . | - |
1730 1732 . | |
1731 . | |
1731 . | |
1732 . | |
1733 1734 . | |
1734 . | |
1735 1739 . | - |
1736, 1755 . | |
1754 . | |
1754 . | .. , , |
1755 . | |
1756 1763 . | |
1757 . | |
1760 . | |
1761 . | , |
1762 . | |
1764 . | |
1764 . | VI , . . |
1764 . | |
1765 . | |
1767 . | . |
1767 1768 . | ( ) |
1768 1774 . | - |
1769 . | II |
1769 . | ( ) |
1771 . | . |
1773 1775 . | . . |
1774 . | - |
1775 . | |
1775 . | |
1779 . | |
1782 . | I ( ) |
1783 . | , ; |
3 1783 . | |
1785 . | |
1787 1791 . | - |
1788 1790 . | - |
1790 . | . . |
1790 . | II |
1791 . | |
1793 . | 25- |
1794 . | . |
1797 . | |
1797 . | |
1799 . | . . |
1801 . | |
1802 . | |
1802 . | |
1803 1806 . | . . . . |
1803 . | |
1804 . | , , |
1804 1813 . | |
1804 1808 . | , |
1805 1807 . | III IV . |
1805 . | . |
1805 1812 . | |
1806 1812 . | - |
1807 . | |
1808 1812 . | |
1808 1809 . | , |
1810 . | |
1810 . | |
1810 . | |
19 1811 . | |
1812 . | |
12 21 1812 . | |
1812 . 26 | |
1813 1814 . | |
1813 . | |
1813 . | |
1814 1815 . | |
1815 . | , . |
1815 . | |
27 1815 . | I |
1816 1817 . | |
1816 1819 . | |
1817 1834 . | - |
1817 1864 . | |
1818 1821 . | |
1819 . | |
1820 . | |
1821 . | |
1821 1822 . | |
1823 . | |
14 1825 . | |
29 1825 . 3 1826 . | |
1826 . | |
1826 . | |
1826 1830 . | |
1826 1828 . | - |
1828 . | : |
1828 . | |
1828 1829 . | - |
1829 . | |
1829 . | |
1830 1831 . | |
1830 1831 . | , |
1831 . | |
1832 . | . . , , |
1832 . | , |
1833 . | - |
1834 . | .. .. |
1835 . | , |
1837 . | |
1837 1841 . | |
1839 1843 . | |
1840 1843 . | |
1842 . | |
1844 . | |
1844 1849 . | M.B. - |
1848 . | ( ) |
1849 . | .. |
1849 1855 . | .. , , (1850), |
1851 . | ( 1855 ) |
1852 1853 . | .. |
1853 1856 . | |
1853 . | .. |
1854 . | (, -) |
1855 . | |
1856 . | |
1856 . | |
1857 . | |
1858 . | . |
1858 . | , , |
1859 . | , |
1860 . | , , |
1860 . | |
19 1861 . | |
1861 1864 . | |
1862 1874 . | . . |
1863 . | , |
1863 1864 . | , , |
1863 . | , |
1864 . | , |
1864 1885 . | |
6 1865 . | |
1865 . | ( ) |
1867 . | |
1870 . | |
1871 . | : |
1872 . | |
1873 . | |
1874 . | |
1874 . | |
1875 . | ( ) |
1875 . | |
1875 . | |
1876 1879 . | |
1876 . | |
6 1876 . | |
1877 1878 . | 193- |
1877 1878 . | - |
1878 . | - () |
1878 1880 . | |
1879 1881 . | |
1879 1881 . | |
1879 1882 . | |
1 1881 . | II |
1881 . | |
1881 . | |
1881 1882 . | |
1882 . | |
1883 1903 . | |
1884 . | , |
1885 . | . . - |
1885 . | |
1889 . | |
1889 . | ( ) |
1889 . | |
1890 . | |
1891 1905 . | |
1892 . | |
1894 . | |
1895 . | |
1897 . | |
1897 . | C. O. |
1897 1901 . | |
15 (27) 1898 . | - ( -) 25 |