1) The Greek philosopher Aristotle (to believe) that the nerves were controlled by the heart.
2) The central nervous system (to include) the brain and the spinal cord.
3) The Roman physician Galen (to contradict) Aristotle and (to conclude) that the brain was the most important organ of the body.
4) Recently the scientists (to find) that the nervous cells can restore.
5) The peripheral nervous system (to make up) of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
6) I think we (to finish) our experiments with sensory receptors next week.
7) If they (to come) tomorrow Ill explain them the principles of the nervous activities.
8) He just (to phone) his psychotherapist.
*Exercise 13. Read about some interesting fact about the human brain. Do you know any other amazing facts about the brain?
1. The human brain feels no pain because it doesnt have pain receptors.
2. The human brain consumes 20% of the total energy that is generated in the human body.
3. The energy consumed by the brain which is approximately 25 watts is sufficient enough to illuminate a light bulb.
4. The human brain is the fattest organ in the human body. About 60 % of the human brain is made of fat.
5. Actually, your brain is more active when you are asleep.
6. A big brain doesnt make you smarter.
7. You could survive only having one side of your brain.
8. Every day, you have about 70,000 thoughts.
Exercise 14. Tell about the human brain by the plan:
1) The system it is a part of;
2) Location;
3) Weight;
4) Structure;
5) Functions
1)
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2)
1) What parts is the nervous system composed of?
2) What organs does CNS consist of?
3) How are the nervous cells called?
4) What is the spinal cord?
5) What is the function of the nerves?
3)
CONDITIONED AND UNCONDITIONED REFLEXES
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Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary
| Blinking | ['bliŋkiŋ] | |
| Conditioned | [kǝn'diʃnd] | |
| To elicit | [i'lisit] | |
| To extinguish | [ik'stiŋgwiʃ] | |
| Inborn | [ˏin'bɔ:n] | |
| Lacrimal | ['lækrimǝl] | |
| Pupil | ['pjʋ:pil] | |
| Pupillary | ['pju:pilǝri] | |
| Salivation | [ˏsæli'veiʃn] | |
| Scratching | ['skræʧiŋ] | |
| Sneezing | ['sni:ziŋ] | |
| Subcortical nuclei | [ˏsʌb'kɔ:tikǝl 'nju:kliai] | () |
| Sucking | ['sʌkiŋ] | |
| Swallowing | ['swɒlǝuiŋ] | |
| Yawning | ['jɔ:niŋ] |
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Exercise 2. Make up the words with the meaning opposite to the given ones by the model.
Translate. Use any three of them in sentences
Model. Known un known ( )
Hippocrates is known as a father of medicine.
The causes of many mental disorders are unknown.
Conditioned, learned, trained, experienced, stable, clear, conscious, believable, pleasant, favourable, employed
Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian
A response to a stimulus, to occur naturally, dependent on previous experience, to become smaller, greater intensity light, to irritate the eye, to stimulate the lacrimal glands, the foundation for the nervous activity, to learn through training, a response to a specific situation, lower divisions of the higher nervous system, a function of the cerebral cortex, the theory of how organisms learn, in the mid-20th century
Exercise 4. Read the text. Write out the key words and word-combinations
REFLEXES
A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus.
All reflexes are divided into unconditioned and conditioned ones.
An unconditioned reflex is a normal, instinctive, unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs naturally and is not dependent on previous experience. Unconditioned reflexes are also called inborn reflexes.
Unconditioned reflexes serve as the foundation for the rest of the nervous activity of the organism.
There are a lot of unconditioned (unlearned) reflexes. The simplest ones include swallowing, salivation, blinking, scratching, sucking (in infants), sneezing, yawning, and others.
Probably the best-known reflex is the pupillary reflex. If light is flashed near one eye, the pupils of both eyes contract. Greater intensity light causes the pupil to become smaller, whereas lower intensity light causes the pupil to become larger.
Another reflex involving the eye is known as the lacrimal reflex. When something irritates the eye, the lacrimal reflex causes nerve impulses to stimulate the lacrimal glands.
A conditioned reflex is some action or feeling that you learn to do in response to a specific situation or stimulus. It is an automatic reaction learned through training to a stimulus that does not normally elicit such response. In Pavlovs classic experiment, dogs learned to associate the sound of a ringing bell with feeding time so that they salivated at the sound of the bell, regardless of whether or not food was given to them. Conditioned reflexes are also called acquired reflexes, behavior reflexes, or trained reflexes.
Unlike conditioned reflexes, the unconditioned reflexes are mostly stable. The conditioned reflexes are not only unstable but can be modified and extinguished.
A leading role in the performance of unconditioned reflexes is played by the lower divisions of the higher nervous system, the subcortical nuclei, brain stem, and spinal cord. Conditioned reflexes, in contrast, are a function of the cerebral cortex.
The investigation of conditioned reflexes became the basis for the theory of how organisms learn. Learning theory grew into the foundation of Behaviourism, a school of physiology that had great societal influence in the mid-20th century.
