.. 1986 . . , , , . (.. )
, (11.1)
Q .
, D
, (11.2)
e .
, :
, (11.3)
k , .
,
, (11.4)
; . (11.4), , .
, Q 0 , , , . , , .. , , .
Q=Q0 e. , Q /2 +/2, , .. (. . 11.1)
. 11.1.
/2, ( ) . /2, . U=Q/C, /2 ≤ U ≤ + /2 . , , . .
- . , , ( ).
. , . /2 , .
: ( ). I t: = I×t, . , :
|
|
(11.5)
I .
SET- (Single Electron Tunneling) . , ( ) . , , .
, :
(11.6)
k, :
11.1
T~ 4,2 K | C <<2×10−16 |
= 77 | << 10−17 |
=300 | <<3×10−18 |
10−15 , . , .
, .
, (11.7)
1, 2 . , , Q 1 =Q 2 =Q, .. , . (11.7)
Σ= 1 + 2 . (11.8)
, , G G max (G 1 ,G 2).
11.3. " "
. :
(11.9)
- 1- U 1> U . (11.9),
(11.10)
2. (11.10) , R C 1 2 . R 1 = R 2, 1 = 2, , . n -. , (n +1)- , , . , , , (n +2) . , , , , . - , " ".
|
|
, (.. R 2 ≠ R 1; 2 ≠ 1), (R 2 = R 1; 2 = 1) . . 11.2 , Q 0. , Q=Q0−ne, n =1,2,3,4. - . Q 0 , , , . , Q 0 . , Q 0 (. 11.1).
. 11.2. ″ ″
Q 0
( ) (.11.3).
. 11.3.
11.4.
, - (co-tunneling), . , " ", , .
, , - .