, -
.
, , . (n+) (m-).
( ).
() - α, , (n), , (N):
α = n / N.
, α .
(α 1) (α <0,3).
(, , ): 12(SO4)3, NHCO3, ul.
: NO3, H2SO4, 1, , I, l4. .
: , N, ()2, ()2 .
: 12(SO4)3 = 213++3 SO42 NHCO3 = N+ +3
N3 = H++N3 2SO4 = 2++S42
ul = CuOH++Cl ()2 = 2++2
: CH3COOH, H2C2O4 ..
: H2CO3, H2S, HCN, H2SiO3, HNO2,
H2SO3, H3PO4, HClO .
( ) NH4OH.
: Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2 .
, .
, () (..3):
CH3COOH CH3COO + H+
, ( 1 2 ..), H2S:1- H2S H+ + HS 6ּ10-8;
2- HS H+ + S2- 110-14,
[ ] ─ .
u(OH)2:
1- u(OH)2 Cu(OH)+ + OH
2- Cu(OH)+ Cu2+ + OH
, Pb(OH)2, : Pb(OH)2 PbOH+ + OH
PbOH+ Pb2+ + OH
: H2PbO2 H+ + HPbO2
HPbO2 H+ + PbO22
. . , , ( ) . :
:
b(N3)2 + 2I = ¯bI2 + 2N3 b2+ +2I = ¯bI2
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:
3Na + 1 = 3COOH + N1
3COO + + = 3COOH
1 + N = N1 + 2O + + = 2O
1 + N4O = N41+ H2O + + NH4OH =NH4+ + 2O
3COOH +N4O = 3COONH4 + 2
3COOH + N4O = C3COO + NH4+ + 2O
:
N23 + 21 = 2N1 + 2 + 2 32+ 2+ = O2+ 2O
1. N NS3 N2SO3.
. N + 2SO3 = NSO3 + 2O
+ 2SO3 = S3 +2
NHSO3 +N = N2SO3 + 2O
S3 + = SO32 + 2
2. Ni()2 (NiOH)2SO4 NiSO4.
. 2Ni(H)2 + 2SO4 = (NiO)2SO4 + 2O
¯2Ni()2 + 2+ + SO42 = ¯(Ni)2SO4 + 2O
¯(Ni)2SO4 + 2SO4 = 2NiSO4 + 22
¯(NiO)2SO4 + 2+ = 2Ni 2+ + 2SO42 + 22
! , , , .
3.2
121-140. H2O, Na2O, KOH, HNO3.
121.N2O3; Na2O | 126.SO2; CuO | 131.MnO; P2O5 | 136.N2O5; CuO |
122.SnO; P2O5 | 127.Cr2O3; Cl2O7 | 132.BaO; Mn2O7 | 137.P2O5; CoO |
123.SO3; CaO | 128.CoO; ZnO | 133.CdO; SnO | 138.PbO; MgO |
124.SiO2; NiO | 129.P2O3; FeO | 134.As2O5; CuO | 139.Cl2O7; MnO |
125.PbO; N2O5 | 130.Fe2O3; K2O | 135.Al2O3; SiO2 | 140.SO3; TiO |
141-160. , H2SO4 NaOH.
141.HCl; Cr(OH)3 | 151.Ca(OH)2; H3PO4 |
142.Cd(OH)2; H2S | 152.HNO3; Be(OH)2 |
143.Cu(OH)2; HBr | 153.H2r2O7; KOH |
144.H2SO3; Sn(OH)2 | 154.HCN; Ga(OH)3 |
145.H2SiO3; Pb(OH)2 | 155.KOH; H2CO3 |
146.CH3COOH; Fe(OH)3 | 156.HF; Be(OH)2 |
147.H2Se; Zn(OH)2 | 157.NH4OH; HClO4 |
148.Fe(OH)2; H3AsO3 | 158.Pb(OH)2; HNO2 |
149.RbOH; HI | 159.Mg(OH)2; HClO |
150.H2Te; Al(OH)3 | 160.Ga(OH)3; HMnO4 |
161-180. .
161.ZnCl2, MnOHCl, Ba(HSO3)2 | 171.Pb(HSO4)2, NH4NO3, CoOHCl |
162.K2HAsO3, AlOHCl2, Na2SO3 | 172.Al(OH)2NO3, Fe2(SO4)3, KHSe |
163.KHSO3, (PbOH)2SO4, CrBr3 | 173.CsHTe, Ca3(PO4)2, MnOHBr |
164.Fe(NO3)3, SnOHCl, NaHTe | 174.Mn(NO3)2, Bi(OH)2Cl, KHS |
165.NaHSe, CoOHNO3, MgCl2 | 175.Al2(SO4)3, CrOHCl2, KHSO3 |
166.CdOHBr, NiCl2, KH2PO4 | 176.NaHSe, NiOHNO3, ZnSO4 |
167.CaBr2, (SnOH)2SO4, K2HPO4. | 177.CrOHSO4, BaBr2, CsHSO3 |
168.BaCl2, Ca(HCO3)2, AlOHCl2 | 178.Cu(NO3 )2, CoOHCl, NaHS |
169.NiBr2, (CoOH)2SO4, KHCO3. | 179.FeCl2, NaH2AsO4, KCrO2 |
170.NiOHCl, NiBr2, NaH2PO4 | 180.AlOHBr2, Sr(HS)2, K2SO3 |
181-200. .
181. Ni(OH)2 (NiOH)2SO4 NiSO4 Ni(OH)2; H3PO4 KH2PO4
182. CuSO4 (CuOH)2SO4 Cu(OH)2 CuOHNO3; NaHSO3 Na2SO3
183. Bi(NO3 )3 BiOH(NO3)2 Bi(OH)3 Bi2O3; Ca3(PO4)2 Ca3(H2PO4)2
184. Co(OH)2 CoOHCl CoCl2 Co(NO3)2; NaOH NaHSO3
185. Pb(NO3 )2 PbOHNO3 Pb(OH)2 K2PbO2; Na2Te NaHTe
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186. NiCl2 Ni(OH)2 NiOHCl NiCl2; Ba(HS)2 BaS
187. CrOHCl2 CrCl3 Cr(OH)3 CrOHSO4; H2SiO3 NaHSiO3
188. (SnOH)2SO4 SnSO4 Sn(OH)2 Na2SnO2; K2SO3 KHSO3
189. NiBr2 NiOHBr Ni(OH)2 NiSO4; NaHSiO3 Na2SiO3
190. CoSO4 Co(OH)2 (CoOH)2SO4 Co(NO3)2; H2S Ca(HS)2
191. Cr2(SO4)3 CrOHSO4 Cr2(SO4)3 CrCl3; Mg3(PO4)2 MgHPO4
192. NiSO4 (NiOH)2SO4 Ni(OH)2 NiBr2; NaHCO3 Na2CO3
193. FeOHSO4 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(OH)3 FeCl3; MgCO3 Mg(HCO3)2
194. Sn(OH)2 SnOHl K2SnO2 Sn(OH)2; H3AsO4 KH2AsO4
195. NiBr2 Ni(OH)2 NiOHCl NiCl2; BaSO3 Ba(HSO3)2
196. Al(OH)3 Al(OH)2Cl AlCl3 Al(NO3)3; NaH2AsO3 Na3AsO3
197. CoCl2 Co(OH)2 (CoOH)2SO4 CoSO4; H2CO3 NaHCO3
198. Bi(OH)3 Bi(OH)2NO3 Bi(OH)3 Bi2O3; K2HPO4 H3PO4
199. Cu(OH)2 CuOHCl CuCl2 Cu(NO3)2; H2Se KHSe
200. CoSO4 (CoOH)2SO4 Co(OH)2 Co(NO3)2; K2SO3 KHSO3
, .
. -
: . . H2O H+ + OH ; ( < 7), (pH > 7).
, , . (pH > 7). : Na2CO3 + HOH NaHCO3 + NaOH; CO32 + HOH HCO3 + OH
, , . (pH < 7).
:
Cu(NO3)2 + HOH CuOHNO3 + HNO3 Cu2+ + HOH CuOH+ + H+
, , . .
CH3COONH4 + HOH CH3COOH + NH4OH
CH3COO + NH4+ + HOH CH3COOH + NH4OH
: 2FeCl3 + 3Na2S +6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3 ¯ + 3H2S + 6NaCl
2Fe3+ + 2S2 + 6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3 ¯ + 3H2S
, ,
, : KNO3 + HOH ¹
K+ NO3 (KOH HNO3 ).
3.3
201-220. , ( ).
201.NaNO2, Cu(NO3)2 | 211.Na2HPO4, Mg(NO3)2 |
202.AlCl3, NaHCO3 | 212.Al2 (SO4)3, Na2SeO3 |
203.Na3PO4, ZnCl2 | 213.CuSO4, K3PO4 |
204.FeCl2, K2S | 214.Na2SO3, Fe2 (SO4)3 |
205.K2SO3, ZnSO4 | 215.NaCN, FeSO4 |
206.NH4Cl, KClO | 216.Ba(CH3COO)2, CoSO4 |
207.Na2Se, MnCl2 | 217.NiSO4, NaF |
208.ZnSO4, BaS | 218.Pb(NO3)2, Ba(NO2)2 |
209.Ni (NO3)2, KNO2 | 219.Cr2(SO4)3, Na CH3COO |
210.NH4Br, Na2S | 220.KHS, MgSO4 |
221-240. .
221.Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2CO3 | 231.CrCl3 + K2S |
222.Na2S + Al2 (SO4)3 | 232.Na2CO3 + Cr (NO3)3 |
223.NH4Cl + Na2SiO3 | 233.K2SiO3 + Bi (NO3)3 |
224.Cr2 (SO4)3 + K2S. | 234.Na2SO3 + CrCl3 |
225.K2CO3 + Bi (NO3)3 | 235.NH4NO3 + Na2SiO3 |
226.Na2S + AlCl3 | 236.AlCl3 + Na2SO3 |
227.BeSO4 + K2S | 237.K2SO3 + CrCl3 |
228.Cr2 (SO4)3 + Na2SO3 | 238.Na2S + Al2 (SO4)3 |
229.K2SO3 + AlBr3 | 239.Fe (NO3)3 + K2CO3 |
230.Bi (NO3)3 + Na2CO3 | 240.Al2 (SO4)3 + Na2CO3 |
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