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mainframe




- - . . , . . , -. . . mainframe. : . . Mainframe . . . - - .. - -. . . , - - .

.

mainframe .

- , . . . . mainframe, . . , . /, .

- . , . - . .

. . 1- . , . . , , - . . .

. .

 

47. SQL. . .

SQL () .

SELECT () , . . SELECT CREATE- , INSERT -, DELETE - , COMMIT ... (DISTINCT- , ALL- - ) , , * () . , , , .

FROM , SELECT, . , , . , 1 18 , . SQL.

, , , .

 

SELECT .

WHERE , , , , , .

ORDER BY (Asc , Desc . , ).

 

48. SQL .

49. SQL/

50.

51. .

52. SQL.

SQL . . , SQL, , .

, . .8.3 SQL.

 

 

8.3.

CREATE TABLE
DROP TABLE
ALTER TABLE
CREATE VIEW
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
SELECT
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
GRANT
REVOKE
SQL
DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH, CLOSE .

 

, , , . CREATE VIEW , .. .

 

, .

 

.

SQL- SQL, .

, , ; , . , , . . : .

SQL COMMIT ROLLBACK. , . COMMIT . , , . ROLLBACK . , , , . , .

COMMIT ROLLBACK , .

 

, () . .

, . : , . :

SELECT ;

INSERT ;

UPDATE ;

DELETE ;

REFERENCES .

, , . , . , .

 

, , . , SQL-. DECLARE, OPEN, FETCH, CLOSE SQL-.

 

 

53. .

54. .





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