For most of us, a rainbow of colours envelopes our lives. Over 80% of visual information is related to colour.¹ What colours and combinations of colours stimulate people to be interested in different things? What colours make us feel pleasure or disapproval, hot or cold, to be attracted or repelled, our appetite stimulated or suppressed?
Many reactions to colour are instinctual, universal and cross cultural boundaries. "Colors also convey messages that go beyond ethnic, racial, or gender boundaries. According to a 1997 survey by Cooper Marketing Group, Oak Park, IL, power is represented by the color scarlet red for 25% of respondents, black for 17% and bright violet blue for 13%. More than 55% of those surveyed chose one of these three colors out of 100 colors. Fragility was most represented by pale pink (27%), white (9%), and pale lavender (9%)."²
Other associations with colours are specific to a culture or regions. Mixing appropriate amounts of different colours however can neutralise inherent negative cultural connotations.
Web design which achieves successful marketing results is sensitive to the cultural, instinctual and iconic meanings of colour in relation to the product being promoted and considers the cultural backgrounds and gender of the targeted clientele. Avoiding the extremes of sheer garishness and boredom, effective design displays symphonic colour arrangements of shades, tints, tones and complementarities to tantalise and maintain interest. Adding textures too can alter colours - a roughly textured surface makes a colour seem darker, while a smooth surface lightens the same colour.
Colour trends may defy instinctual, cultural and iconic constraints - for example, the recent craze for vivid lime green. As Jill Morton says: "Psychologically, the 'anti-aesthetic' colors may well capture more attention than those on the aesthetically-correct list. History clearly demonstrates that this has been a prevalent trend in art since the turn of the 20th century, when Dada's urinals and snow shovels put an end to the era of Matisse and French Impressionism."
Red
European: Danger (stop signs), love (hearts), excitement (for sale signs)
China: Traditional bridal colour, good luck, celebration, happiness, joy, vitality, long life, summoning, the direction South. Chinese saying goes "when something is so red, it is purple" - red purple brings luck and fame.
Japan: life
India: Purity
Eastern: Joy (with white)
Hebrew: sacrifice, sin
Christian: sacrifice, passion, love
USA: Christmas (with green), Valentine's day (with white)
South Africa: Mourning
Australian aboriginals: the land, earth, ceremonial ochre
Cherokees: success
Hopi: the direction South
Romans: Red flag signified the onset of battle
Celtic: Death, afterlife
Feng Shui: Yang, Fire, good luck, money, respect, recognition, protection, vitality
Red: Energy, strength, passion, eroticism, cheerfulness, courage, element of fire, career goals, fast action, lust, desire, blood, vibrancy, driving forces, risk, fame, love, survival, war, revolution, danger, aggression, strength, power, determination, emotional intensity, sex, provoking, dynamic, stimulating, courage, bravery, good-tasting, force, leadership, drama, excitement, speed, heat, warmth, violence, attention, generosity, romance
Red stimulates metabolism, increases respiration rate, perspiration, appetite and raises blood pressure. Red is a strong masculine colour.
Red tends to promote images and text, making objects appear larger and closer, though less than yellow coloured objects. Bright red can be annoying if used over large areas and is useful as a iconic colour to encourage people to act quickly eg. on buy or click here buttons. An apetite stimulant, red is useful for promoting products associated with energy... drinks, cars, sports and games.
Care is need using red in proximity with green... as the old adage goes: 'Red and green should not be seen without something in between'.
Mixing bright blue and bright red is also not recommended... the combination is very tiring on the eye.
Light red: joy, sexuality, passion, sensitivity, love, indecision
Dark red: willpower, rage, wrath, tenseness, vigour, anger, leadership, courage, yearning, malice, wrath
Maroon: Yang, indecisiveness
Pink
European: Feminine colour, baby girls
East India: Feminine colour
Japan: Popular with both sexes
Korea: trust
Feng Shui: Yin, love
Pink: Romance, love, friendship, femininity, truth, passivity, good will, emotional healing, peace, calming, affection, emotional maturity, caring, nurturing, sweet tasting, sweet smelling, ethereal, delicacy.
Pale pink: sweetness of youth, fragility
Vibrant pinks: high spirits, energy, youth
Orange
European: Autumn, creativity, harvest
Netherlands: Favourite colour (House of Orange)
Ireland: Protestants
USA: Halloween, cheap goods
Hinduism: Saffron (peachy orange) is a sacred color
Feng Shui: Yang, Earth, strengthens concentration, purpose, organization
Orange: warmth, energy, balance, enthusiasm, vibrancy, vitality, expansiveness, flamboyance, excitement, business goals, property deals, ambition, career, goals, general success, justice, legal matters, selling, action, attention-grabbing, the sun, friendly, inviting, intense, joy, strength, endurance, steadfastness, tropics, quick movement, wealth of the mind and knowledge, charity, growing things, fascination, friendliness, happiness, beginnings, heat, creativity, autumn, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, courage, earth, mental and appetite stimulatant, emotional lift, assurance, social force, health, warmth, attractiveness, cheerfulness, mood-lightening, uninhibited, independence, amiability, constructiveness, self-assuredness, cheap, low-budget, fun kids colour, youth
In restaurants, as orange is an appetite stimulant, orange decor encourages sales. Less passionate than red, orange still increases oxygen supply to the brain, stimulating mental activity. Popular amongst youth.
Orange backgrounds help images seem closer and larger, but avoid over-use. Useful for highlighting important elements, promoting food products and toys.
"As we turned our sights to orange, substantial research (including the data gathered at The Global Color Survey at www.colormatters.com and the Pantone Consumer Color Preference Study® dated June 1996) documented that orange is one of Americans' least favorite colors.... In 1991, Forbes called attention to orange's mundane associations in its December 23 article, 'Does orange mean cheap?' Yes, it does."4
Dark orange: autumn, deceit, distrust
Red orange: desire, sexuality, pleasure, domination, aggression, thirst for action
Bright orange: tangy citrus, health
Pale orange: apricot, coral, peach and melon are sophisticated
Brown
Colombia: discourages sales
Australian Aboriginals: colour of the land, ceremonial ochre
Feng Shui: Yang, Earth, industry, grounded
Brown: friendships, special events, earth, materialistic thoughts, hearth, home, outdoors, inexpensive, reliability, credibility, comfort, endurance, stability, simplicity, comfort, longevity, intimacy, tranquility, masculine, nurturing, contentment, strength, sensuality, productivity, passivity, fertility, generosity, dirt, substance, practicality, hard work
Brown is too low key if used broadly without texture or another color to enhance it. Useful for promoting food and outdoor products for work and play.
Reddish-brown: harvest, autumn
Beiges and tans: Yang, sophistication, neatness, conceals emotion
Copper: passion, money goals, professional growth, business productivity, career moves
Coffee browns: sophistication, richness, robustness, panache
Gold
World-wide: Success, high quality, money
Feng Shui: Yang, Metal, God consciousness
Gold: wealth, god, winning, safety, masculine power, happiness, playful humour, prestige, wisdom, love of spirit, meaning, purpose, awe, spiritual love, quests of the heart, desire for power, mystic powers, higher mathematics, sciences, attainment, concentration.
Gold and navy (credibility) are the best combination for selling to men and the second best for selling to women.
Yellow
European: Hope, joy, happiness, hazards, cowardice, weakness, taxis
Asia: sacred, imperial
China: Nourishing, royalty
Egypt: Mourning
Japan: Courage
India: Merchants
Buddhism: wisdom
Feng Shui: Yang, Earth, auspicious, sunbeams, warmth, motion
Yellow: sun, intelligence, light, accelerated learning, memory, logical imagination, social energy, cooperation, organisation, breaking mental blocks, sunshine, joy, happiness, intellect, energy, cheerfulness, optimism, purity, enthusiasm, warmth, honour, loyalty, mental force, clarity, perception, understanding, wisdom, dishonesty, betrayal, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, disease, weakness, caution, cowardice, follower, curiosity, mellowness, confidence, humour, dreams, creativity, desire to improve, action, idealism, optimism, imagination, hope, summer, philosophy, uncertainty, restlessness, glory, enlightenment
Yellow stimulates mental activity, generates muscle energy and attracts attention - it is the colour most visible to the human eye. Thus yellow objects move to the forefront. Students who study in yellow rooms do better in exams. Cheerful yellow can be used to promote food especially in combination with other fruit and vegetable tones, children's and leisure products and is best used as a highlight. With overuse, yellow can be disturbing and promote anxiety. Babies cry more in yellow rooms. Yellow against black denotes a warning... the sting of the bee.
Yellow is not a practical colour to use when selling expensive items to men... they perceive it as an untrustworthy and childish... and avoid yellow if you wish to evoke safety and stability. Care is needed with shades of yellow as they can lose their warmth and appear dirty.
Dull yellow: caution, decay, sickness, jealousym aging
Light yellow: intellect, freshness, and joy
Ivory/cream: quiet, pleasantness, calm, understated elegance, purity, softness, more rich and warm than white
Green
China: Exorcism, green hats indicate a man's wife is cheating on him.
Japan: Life.
Islam: Hope - the cloak of the prophet was thought to be green, virtue - only those of perfect faith can wear green.
Ireland: Symbol of the entire country, Catholics
European/USA: Spring, new birth, go, safe, environmental awareness, Saint Patrick's Day, Christmas (with red)
USA: Money
Feng Shui: Yin, Wood, growing energy, refreshing, nurturing, balancing, harmony normalising, healing, health, peaceful, calming
Green: earth mother, physical healing, monetary success, abundance, fertility, tree & plant magic, growth, food, hope, personal goals, resurrection, renewal, youth, stability, endurance, freshness, nature, environment, tranquil, refreshing, quiet, hope, immortality, health, healing, good luck, renewal, youth, jealousy, inexperience, trees, grass, vigour, growth, harmony, responsiveness, generosity, safety, envy, misfortune, quietude, compassion, renewal, moderation, nurturing, diplomacy, calm, contemplation, joy, love, abundance, balance, self-control, inexperience, hope, good omens, soothing, sharing, dependability, friendliness
Green lowers blood pressure, relaxes the nervous system, calms and soothes the mind, stimulates creativity, and is an appetite suppressant. Green is easy on the eye and can improve vision. Images set in green backgrounds seem farther away. Green is popular in most cultures.
Useful as a marketing colour for organic, healthy and natural 'green' products.
Dark green: money, ambition, greed, jealousy, heaviness, prestige, promotes concentration.
Yellow-green/lime green: sickness, cowardice, discord, and jealousy, nausea - don't use this colour for promoting food products as it's an appetite depressant.
Olive green: peace
Avocado: 60s and 70s refridgerators
Blue greens: most accepted colour group across gender lines
Turquoise
Ancient Persians: warding off evil eye
Turquoise: calming, emotional healing, protection, refreshing, sophisticated
Turquoise is equally popular with men and women. Mixes well with pale pinks and lavenders for a feminine look. Create a retro scenario with turquoise and pink or art deco by combining it with white and black. Combined with grey, silver, terra cotta and tans, it produces a southwestern USA look. With orange or yellow, it creates an innovative, fresh image suitable for sports-oriented sites.
Light Turquoise: feminine
Teal: sophisticated
Blue
European: soothing, "something blue" bridal tradition.
Cherokees: defeat, trouble
Iran: mourning
China: immortality
Colombia: soap
Hinduism: the colour of Krishna
Judaism: holiness
Christianity: Christ's colour
Catholicism: colour of Mary's robe
Middle East: protection
Worldwide: 'safe' colour
Feng Shui: Yin, Water, calm, love, healing, relaxation, peace, trust, adventure, exploration.
Blue: good fortune, communication, wisdom, protection, spiritual inspiration, calmness, reassurance, gentleness, fluidity, water, sea, creativity, peace, calming, higher thoughts, mystery, sky, formality, travel, devotion, progress, quiet wisdom, freedom. betterment of humanity, love, trust, loyalty, intelligence, reassurance, artistry, compassion, inner strength, devotion, depression, sadness, tranquility, stability, unity, truth, understanding, confidence, acceptance, conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, comfort, cold, technology, devotion, harmony, depth, faith, heaven, piety, sincerity, precision, intellect, sadness, consciousness, speech, messages, ideas, sharing, cooperation, idealism, sincerity, empathy, relaxation, affection, inspiration, friendship, patience, contemplation, infinity, harmony, non-threatening, dependability
Some believe blue slows the metabolism and suppresses the appetite. As it does not require the eye to focus, images and objects recede in blue backgrounds. With overuse, can create feelings of cold. Although also popular with women, blue is the predominant favourite colour of males and is suited to web sites involving and promoting technology, medical products, cleanliness, air, sky, water, sea and automotives. Blue is the favourite colour of more than half of the world's people - it is the colour least disliked by most cultures.
High impact designs can be created with combinations of blue, red and yellow. Combinations of light and dark blues can create feelings of trust. Pale Blue: ethereal, delicate, calming, health, healing, tranquility, understanding, softness
In combination with pinks and pale yellows, creates the image of spring. Aqua: freshness, pristine, vigour, movement, dramatic, confidence, strength, individualism, eccentricity, humour, fearlessness, festivity
Royal Blue: richness, superiority, cold Dark blue: depth, expertise, stability, credibility (especially with gold), intellect, wisdom, corporate colour, warmth, knowledge, power, integrity, seriousness, knowledge, health, decisiveness, law, order, logic, dependability, serenity
Combining dark and lighter shades of blue creates a conservative and sophisticated look.
Purple
Thailand: Mourning
European: Royalty
Catholicism: Mourning, death, crucifixion
Feng Shui: Yin, spiritual awareness, physical and mental healing
Purple: influence, third eye, psychic ability, spiritual power, self assurance, hidden knowledge, dignity, high aspirations, royalty, spirituality, nobility, ceremony, mystery, transformation, wisdom, enlightenment, sophistication, cruelty, arrogance, intuition, dreams, unconscious, invisible, telepathy, empathy, imagination, deja vu, universal spirit, spiritual connection, deeper truth, nobility, wealth, extravagance, dignity, independence, magic, creativity, energy, self-confidence, ego, ambition, fame, luxury, big profits, richness, sensuality, elegance, contemplation, meditation, majesty, lesbianism, Wicca, New Age spirituality, paganism, conceit, arrogance, nausea
Almost 75 percent of pre-adolescent children prefer purple to all other colors, making bright purple effective for promotion of children's products. Light purple is useful for feminine designs. Excessive exposure to purple may cause people to become sullen, withdrawn and ill-at-ease with their surroundings. Purple is a polarising colour - people either love it or hate it.
Lavender: Yang, sexual indecision, malleability, romance, nostalgia, feminity
Dark purple: gloom, sadness, frustration, royalty, richness
Mauve: Yang, world consciousness
Violet: Meditation, creativity, concentration, quietness, creative force, beauty, inspiration, artistry, music, chivalrous love, excellence, ethereal, sensuality, responsibility, sacrifice
Blue purple: mystical
Red purple: sensual, quirky
White
European: Marriage, angels, hospitals, doctors, peace, milk Japan: Mourning, white carnation means death
China: Death, mourning
India: Unhappiness
Eastern: Funerals
Feng Shui: Yang, Metal, death, mourning, ancestal spirits, ghosts, poise, confidence
White: spirituality, goddess, peace, higher self, purity, virginity, reverence, simplicity, cleanliness, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, cold, clinical, sterility, clarity, perfection, innocence, virginity, goodness, light, fairness, safety, positivity, faith, coolness, charity, successful innovations, union, self-sacrifice, holiness, feminine divinity, pristine, chastity, positivity
All white rooms can be uncomfortable with a stark atmosphere. White is useful for a background or accent colour as it highlights other colours. White is perceived by the eye as a brilliant colour.
White can indicate simplicity with high-tech products and safety and cleanliness with medical products.
Silver
Feng Shui: Yin, Metal, trustworthiness, romance.
Silver: glamous, distinguishment, high tech, industrial, graceful aging, telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience, psychometry, intuition, dreams, astral energies, female power, communication, goddess, ornate riches, sleekness, modernity
To create a high-tech look, use silver with other colours. Silver works well combined with gold and white to promote a feeling of control and power.
Silver and other reflectors are strong eye attractors and are associated with life-giving water.
Grey
Feng Shui: Yin, Metal, dead, dull, indefinite
Grey: security, reliability, intelligence, staid, modesty, dignity, maturity, solid, conservative, practical, old age, sadness, boring, practicality, professional, sophisticated, durability, quality, quiet, conservativeness, gloominess, sadness
Black
European: Funerals, death, mourning, rebellion, cool, restfulness
China: Colour for young boys
Thailand: Bad luck, unhappiness, evil
Judaism: Unhappiness, bad luck, evil
Australian Aboriginals: colour of the people, ceremonial ochre
Feng Shui: Yin, Water, money, income, career success, emotional protection, power, stability, bruises, evil
Black: protection, repelling negativity, binding, shapeshifting, power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, classy, wealth, power, mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, underground, modern music, space, high quality, bad luck, formality, reservedness, dignity, elegance, secretiveness, fear of the unknown, night, emptiness, dirtiness, sophistication, strength of character, dramatic, authority, prestige, grief, anger, reliability, strong, classic, strength, anti-establishment, modernism, serious
Black is an excellent technical colour and it assist targetting a sophisticated high-end market or a youth market to add mystery. Over a large area, black can be depressing. Though black backgrounds can enhance perspective and depth, they diminish readibility of text. Useful for web sites for art and photography to help other colours to vibrate.
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Colours in your home
If you know what colour makes you feel happy, if you can select a dress that complements your natural colouring, then you will have no difficulty in selecting the key colour for the interior of your home. Choose a colour that you selecting the key for the interior of your home. Choose a colour that you want to live with, for you will use this key colour throughout your home. It carries the theme. This is what interior designers call colour continuity. In a single room or a whole house, this repeating of a colour brings unity. Colour continuity is important. When one room opens into another, the colours may change places in the second room but colour continuity must be preserved. For instance, the blue of the wall in one room may drop to the floor or to the ceiling in the other room. But, except in rare cases where there is a reason to break the sequence, the major colour scheme should be carried through to the adjacent room. Colour is a wonderful tool in interior design. It can camouflage bad architectural detail; it can emphasize the beauty of good architectural detail. Colour can make a room appear smaller. By the same token you can’t use a colour high on the wall without bringing it down into the room. Remember this when you are contemplating a contrasting valance at your window. The valance will turn out to be an eye- catching, objectionable room feature if you do not make it a part of the room by covering some pieces of furniture, not necessarily in the same fabric, but in the same colour. And this brings us to say that colour used intelligently can do more to make a room comfortable and beautiful than any other factor, almost as much as all other factors used in its design.
Glossary
| English | Russian | Kazakh |
| complement | дополнять | толықтыру |
| unity | единство | бірлік, бірлестік |
| preserve | сохранять | сақтау |
| adjacent | смежный | аралас |
| cover | покрывать | жабу |
| emphasize | подчеркивать | көрсету |
| valance | карниз | карниз |
English idioms relating to COLOURS
| Black mood | To be in a black mood means to be irritable, angry or even depressed. Also: to be in a bad mood. |
| In the black | To say that a person or organization is in the black means that they are financially sound, have a positive balance on their account and that they owe no money. |
| Black and white | To say that something is in black and white means that there is written proof of it. "It's an obligation. It's written in black and white in your contract." |
| Black market | The black market refers to the illegal buying and selling of goods or currencies. |
| Black sheep | The black sheep of the family is one who is very different from the others, and least respected by the other members of the family. |
| Black gold | Black gold refers to the black colour and high value of oil. |
| Black tie event | This expression refers to a formal event at which men are required to wear a dinner jacket, or tuxedo, and a black bow tie. "I need to know if it's going to be a casual get-together or a black tie event." |
| Blue around the gills | (also green or pale around the gills) If a person looks blue around the gills, they look unwell or sick. "You should sit down. You look a bit blue around the gills." |
| Blue chip company | This term refers to a company with a solid reputation for the quality of its products and the stability of its growth and earnings. "It's usually safe to invest in a blue-chip company. |
| Blue in the face | If you do something until you're blue in the face, you try unsuccessfully to do something for a very long time. "I explained the situation until I was blue in the face but she wouldn't change her mind." |
| Blue-eyed boy | A blue-eyed boy is somebody's favourite. "He's the director's blue-eyed boy! |
| Out of the blue | If something happens out of the blue, it happens unexpectedly. "I had nearly given up hope when out of the blue I was offered a job." |
| Brown as a berry | To say that someone is brown as a berry means that they are very tanned. |
| Browned off | To be browned off means to be bored, fed up or disheartened e.g. Tom is browned off with his job. |
| Show one's true colours | When a person shows their true colours, their behaviour reveals their real nature and shows their qualities and/or weaknesses. "In times of crisis people show their true colours." |
| Golden handcuffs | The term golden handcuffs refers to a large sum of money or a generous financial arrangement granted to an executive as an incentive to stay in their job, or to ensure long-term cooperation after their departure. |
| Golden handshake | A golden handshake is a generous sum of money given to a person when they leave a company or retire (sometimes given to encourage early retirement). |
| Golden opportunity | A golden opportunity is a favourable time or excellent occasion which should not be missed. |
| Golden rule | The most important rule or principle to be remembered when doing something is called the golden rule. "When travelling abroad, the golden rule is to respect the local customs." |
| Green fingers | To have green fingers means to be good at gardening. |
| Green light | If you give or get the green light, you give or get a signal or permission to do something. "We're ready to launch the campaign as soon as we get the green light." |
| Red-handed | If a person is caught red-handed, they are caught while they are doing something wrong or illegal. "The boy was caught red-handed stealing chocolate in the supermarket." |
GRAMMAR APPENDIX
A - Comparison with -er/-est
clean - clean er - (the) clean est
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives:
