.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


5. . 2




i - λi >> λ 1, , .. t >> T 1/2

,

. (6.10)

, (6.10), , - . , 2,8106 238U 226Ra 1620 . (6.10), , 238U 4,5109 .

, , (6.9), λi, , i yi+ 1. . , .

6.3. . . 2, , , A - . α- α-. α- , Z / A: β-. (, .) α- β-.

α- , β- . , (. 6.1), , n − , mA , .. 0, 1, 2 3. , , , .. , , 4. , .

6.1

(T 1/2)
4 n Th (1,41010 ) Pb
4 n +1 Np (2,2106 ) Bi
4 n +2 - U (4,5109 ) Pb
4 n +3 - U (7108 ) Pb

 

− , - - − . 310−4, 110−3 % . (6.10), , .. , . , , , .

. , (Z = 82). 209Bi ( ), [51] (N = 126). 209Bi − . 209Bi , -237, - .

,[52] , , .[53] 40 ( 1/2 = 1,28109 ) 87Rb ( 1/2 = 4,751010 ).

[54] , : 3 (12,3 ), 10 (1,6106 ), 14 . . , , , .

6.4. . . , . , .

. . - .[55] ( , -) . , , , , .

- (5.3):

.

t D = N 0 N, :

. (6.11)

(6.11) , (, ) . D 0 , D = D 0 + N 0 N,

. (6.12)

, () () . - . t, , D N, , λ.

. , , . . , , , . , , .. .

- . . . , 1 . . , , 40K 14C.

, , , . , . , , 4,53 4,55 . .

- . - , . 1907 . . , .

: 204Pb 1,5%; 206Pb 23,6%; 207Pb 22,6%; 208Pb 52,3%. ( ) , .

U, Th Pb : 206Pb/238U, 207Pb/235U, 208Pb/232Th. (6.11) . - Th 208Pb/232Th , . , - , , 206Pb/238U 207Pb/235U; : -. , , , .

, - . ,

. (6.13)

238U/235U 137,8 . 207Pb/206Pb , (6.13) t. , (6.11), .

, (6.11), . , 204Pb. 206Pb/204Pb 207Pb/204Pb ( 208Pb/204Pb, 208Pb/232Th) , U Th , .

, , : t (206Pb/238U) > t (207Pb/235U) > t (207Pb/206Pb). t .

- . - .. (1949 .). 40, 0,012%. 40 β- . 40Ca , 40Ca, . 40Ar . 40, 40Ar, β- yβ (88%) y (12%):

. (6.14)

40Ar 40Ca, t,

, (6.15)

(λ 40). , (6.14) ,

. (6.16)

(6.15) (6.16), :

. (6.17)

- -, .

, 40, . > 300 . : - . , . , , , . .

. . ( , ) , , . , . , , 14N 14C. 14, , 5730 . β-, 14N. , , 14O2, 10-15 . 14 , . 14 1,2∙10-10 %.

, . , 14, , , .. . , , :

, (6.18)

14 ; λ 14.

1951 . . . . 14 . , , , , .. , 50 . . 1 . ; 1000 14, .. .

, 14 (, ) , , , . . 200 2, 14 ( ). , , , 14 .

, 14 . , . , 10 . . , , , , 14. ( 10%) .

. . , 33 30 . 16,5 15 . .


7. -

7.1. . - (, Z) (A 4, Z 2) -4 (α - ):

.

(5.1), , α-

. (7.1)

, (7.1) :

,

(7.2)

(7.2), , , α- , .

, α- α A. , , , . 7.1. , α- A > 155, A.

α A, . , , α. , α-, 144Nd, .. α- , . , A , . A = 140-150 ( ) A = 210-220. : N = 82 Z = 82. , . , , α- N Z, 84 = 82 + 2, . α- Nd (N = 84), α- Z 84.

( A) α-, .. , . α- . .

, , β+- , .. , Z. β-. A = 232, . , α- .

, , .. α- , . ,

, (7.3)

α α-, .. ( ). ( [56]), , :

. (7.4)

. 7.1, , α- ( , ) 10 . α- 4 , .. . .

. (7.5)

(7.5) (7.3)

,

. (7.6)

(7.6) , α-. , A = 200 2 % α. [57]

, - , , , α- . α- : . , , α- , . α- (. 7.2).

, , α- , . , α- . , .

α- : 107 1017 . , α- : 1-10 . λ α- α , :

, (7.7)

1 2 , . α- 1 .

7.2. α- . λ α. , α- , , , , . , α- 212 8,78 , ; α- 4,2 . α- , , , 8,78 , ?..

. 7.3 U . r > R , r < R , . U (r) r ~ R, .

, (7.8)

Z 1 Z 2 , R , α- 1,57 A 1/3 . , 238U ~ 27 .





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