, , 䳿 , , . , , . : , , , .
, , , . , .
3.2
. . 3.
3
| ˳ | ||
| . | [13, . 3 9] | |
| [13, . 10 15] | ||
| [13, . 16 24] | ||
| [13, . 25 32] | ||
| [13, . 33 41] | ||
| 1000 | [13, . 42 47] | |
| [13, . 48 54] | ||
| [13, . 55 58] | ||
| [14, . 3 15] |
1
: . .
:
ճ :
4
| г | t, | ∆t, | t, | ||
| . . | |||||
, ( ) , , , .
|
|
|
∆t = 310-4 (101325 ), (1)
. , (1) (101325 = 760 ..). 101325 , , .
:
∆t =
:
:
.
2
:
:
ճ :
5 1 2
| 1 | 2 | 1 2 | ||
| г , |
1 2, , .
∑L = 10 lg (100,1L + 100,1L1 + 100,1L2) =
6 3
| ³ | ||||
| г , | ||||
| , | - |
7
| 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Ln, | n, . | r, | Ln, | n, . | r, | Ln, | n, . | r, | |
:
Ln , ;
n , .;
r , .
1
2 ∑Lr :
∑Li = Li + 10 lg n, ;
∑L1 =
∑L2 =
∑L3 =
3 L, :
Lri = ∑Li 10 lg (2πr2), ;
Lr1 =
Lr2 =
Lr3 =
4 :
∑L = 10 lg (100,1Lr1 + 100,1Lr2 + + 100,1Lrn) = 10 lg ∑100,1Lri, .
∑L =
5 , .
:
:
:
.
3
:
:
ճ :
8
|
|
|
______ ..
| ̳ | t, | t, | ³ φ, % | ρ, /3 | - d, / |
| 1 ( ) | |||||
| 2 | |||||
| 3 I | |||||
| 4 II | |||||
| 5 III |
:
d = 622 / ( ), /,
, ;
, .
.., . 760 .. 101325 .
=
9
| г | , | ʳ | v, / | |||
:
3, :
, .
. 10.
10
| t, | h, | ʳ , Q, / | ʳ , W, / | ||
һ.
:
:
.
4
:
:
ճ :
11 v .
| , | ʳ | v, / |  , /
| |||
(F, 2):
F =
:
) Z1 = 3600 F 
, 3/;
F , 2;
, /, (. 11):
Z1 =
) Z2 = 3600 F v, 3/;
F , 0,1×0,1, 2;
v , /, :
;
Z2 =
12 ( I)
| , .. | ∆ = , .. | = ∆, .. |  ,
..
| ||
| . | . | ||||
:
|
|
|
, .
13
| , | , .. | ∆ = -, .. | = ∆, .. |  ,
..
| ||
| . | . | |||||
| I-II | 
| |||||
| II-III | 
| |||||
I-II (. 13), R , r 2 :
H = R r/g, .
R =
II-III (. 13), ξ :
= ξ v2ρ/2,
ρ , /3.
ξ =
:
:
.
5
:
:
ճ :
14 ,
| , | ||||
| I I | II II | III III | IV IV | |
| Գ | ||||
ρ α , ρ = 0,70,9.
, , 
, .
=
: 
.
ρ =
ρ =
α = 1 ρ:
α = α =
:
| 
| 
|
| 
| 
|
15 ,
| ³ r, | ij | ʳ , . | , | , % | ||
| 0,0 | ||||||
| 1,0 | ||||||
| 2,0 | ||||||
| 3,0 | ||||||
| 4,0 |
:
:
. . 16.
|
|
|
16
| , | , | ., | , | |||||
| ρ, % | ρ, % | |||||||
: .
1 [ 13, . 35 36] [ 13, . 12] :
L/. =
:
2 L, :
3 n, ., n = n* n**:
| n* = A / L, . | n** = B / L, . |
| n* = | n** = |
| n = |
4 () :
;
=
5 ³ [ 13, . 13] η, %, , ρ ρ.
η =
6 F, ( , ):
, ;
F =
7 [ 13, . 14] F, , , F, , :
8 :
, , =
:
9 , :
W = w n, =
:
:
.
6
: 1000
:
