. . . . . , . , 50- XX (maser microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). . , . , . , .
. , (laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). , , . . 9.3, ( 10 1 ), . . Al2O3, ( 0.05%) .
, 3+ . ( ) .
. 9.3.
1 2 , hν 2 1. 2, , . 3, . 8.4. Al2O3 . ( 2 . 9.4), 1.8 .
. 9.4.
2 → 1, . , 2 , , . , 2 → 1, , , .
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, .. , , , , . . , . , , . , , , . .
. , .. ( , , , ). , : 100% , 1%. , , , . , , . (.. ), , .
, :
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) .
. . (, ). . , , . , , . . - , , ( 108 ).
, , , . , 18 ( ) 3900 ( ). 1 , 109 . 200 . , () .
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