ᒺ , . ³ , , .
ᒺ . , , (, , , ..). ( ) . , (, ', , ), , (, , , ). , , . , . г, , . , , 䳺 . , , , . - .
, , , '. . , , - . , , , , . , , .
, . . , , , . - , .
, - . , 䳿 㳿 , , , . U 㳿 㳿 , , 㳿 , 㳿 .
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: .
, , 䳺 , , . 㳿 䳿 .
㳿 (), .
' : (), 㳺 , ' ; , 㳺 , ; , 㳺 ( ); , . , , 㳺.
. 㳿 . :
1. 㳿 ;
2. ( 㳿 );
3. .
4. .
:
q = U A.
q , . , , { ), { ). , 쳿 .
. IU , ( > 0). , ( < 0). , 쳿 ( > 0, < 0).
U 㳿 , 㳿 , . U - , , .
, , , 㳿 . , :
q = dU A.
, , 㳿 ().
. p-V . 1- (v =const); 2 (p =const); 3 (T =const); 4 .
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, . ( , , ᒺ ᒺ ) A = -pdV, :
= - ,
: v1, v2 ᒺ . , :
q = dU + pdV.
().
1. (v =const), dV =0, =0, :
qv = dU, (dU/dT)v=( q/dT)v =C . dU= C *dT, U = C * T.
C - ᒺ.
, , 㳿:
qv = U2 U1 = U.
2. (p =const). 1 :
= - (V2 V1) = -p V. q = U A = U + p V = (U2 U1) +p(V2 V1)= (U2 + pV2) (U1 + pV1) = H2 - H1 = H.
H = (U + pV) ﳺ , H - ﳿ . , , ﳿ, .
3. (T =const). U = 0 q = A, ( 1 , pV=RT):
= - = - = - RTln =- RTln = RTln .
4. , 㳺(q = 0). U = A, - U = - A; = C * T = C *(T2 1) = (p2V2 p1V1)/( - 1), = C / C , C = C + R. ᒺ : :
= .
. , . , , . ( 1 1 ) ( 1 ) (/*). V ( V = const) P ( = const). , , C ( 1 2) . : = q/(T2 T1), : = q/ T. , (2 1) 0.
ʳ , 1 2:
Q = C*M*(T2 T1) =M* .
:
C = ; C = .
. . - , V= 3/2 R = 12,471 /* . V = 5/2R = 20,96, V = 3R = 24,94 /*, . CP CV : CP = CV +R. .
. , , . , , . г CP CV R ' = V-1. , 140 89,3 /-, 273 0,08 /*.
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CP=26,3-26,8 /*( ). , . CP CV (CV 3R=24,94).
. .
. . 0 0. 0 = *3, : - - . = 0 + 1 + 2, : 0, 1, 2 . . , : CV = 12,47 /*, CP = 20,78 /*.
. ճ 㳿. , . q, ( ) 쳿, Q . q = -Q. 㳿 qv = U, ﳿ q = H. ᒺ qv qp. : qp qv =p V = RT, - , . ᒺ , qp = qv.
:
, . , , , , q = H. :
1. ( ) :
H =
2. ( ) :
H =
1 ( 0).
- 0298 =1.013*105(1 ), = 298 (250), ﳿ . , 2 : 2() + 1/22() = 2(). 0298 = - 285,83/. , . , :
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() + 2() = ()2() = -63,85 /.
1 .
. ʳ:
.
. , =const :
.