, , ,
* , , , , . , , . (John Locke. Some considerations on the lowering of interest etc.. 1691; p. 65, Works, 7 ed., London, 1768, vol. II [ . . .. 1691; . 65, , . II, . 7, , 1768]).
61
. , , , , , , , . . , , - , , , . , , , , . , , 1858 , XVII . III 5 . 2 ., 1/62 , 12 . , , 6 31 . , 5 . 2 . 6 . 3 ., , , 6 3 . , ? . 5 600 000 . . , , . . . , 57 200 . . , 220 000 , 141 000 . , , . , . , secretary to the treasury * , 6 . 3 . 5 . 2 ., . , ,
|
|
* . .
62
, . . , ? , : 4 , 5 , 4 , : 5 , 4 , 4/5 . , , . , , 2550% , , , , . , , , , , , . , , , 10 14 , , 20 *.
* : , . - . 1/20 , , 19/20. , , , , , . , , . , . , , , , , , 23. , , . 77 , 62 . , , , , , , (. , . 54116, ). , . : , , , .
|
|
63
:
, , , Standard ( ) *.
, . . 120 quid pro quo **.
, , , , . . , . :
: , , . ., ( )? , , , ( )? , ( ), ? - , , , , ? ***
, , , , . , , , , , , . . .
, , , , .
, , , ,
. A discourse concerning coining the new money lighter, in answer to Mr. Locke's considerations etc., London, 1696 [ . . ., , 1696] .
* , , . II, . 156.
** . .
*** . Queries on money [ ], , . , , , , .
64
, . (money coin), *; , , . , , , . . . . - . , , . - , . . - , - . , . , . , , , . . , - , : , , ? ; - , , , . , **.
|
|
. 15 ., 20 ., 36 ., , , , . 15:20:36 , 1 . . , , . , , , , , , , .
* , - XVII .
** , , . II, .102107.
65
, , ; , , , , . , 1/360 , 1/180 ; 45 90, . , - , -, , -, . , , . , , . , , *. : . 100 . , , , , , , , . , . , , , .
|
|
, .
* , . Bars [ ]. , conditio sine qua non [ ] ?
66
. , a sense of value in reference to currency as compared with commodities *. , , III. 20 , . ., . , 4 672 . . 10 . , 100 22- ? , , Lowndes redivivus **. , , ; , , , , 1/78 , , , 1/90 . little Shillingmen ***. , 1819 ., 1845 . , , , :
: 1 ? ?.. , , ? 3 . . 17 . 10½ . ? , , : , ? ? = 3 . . 17 . 10½ ., 5 . . 4 ., 3 . . 17 . 9 .?.. (£) , , - . , , , , . , , ****.
* , . .
** . .
*** . .
**** The currency question, the Gemini letters. London, 1844, p. 266272 passim [ , . , 1844, . 266272, ].
67
. : , . ., . , , , . , . , , . , , . . , , , . , , , , , , . . . . , , . ., , , , , , , . - , , . . - , .
|
|
*. ,
*John Gray. The social system. A treatise on the principle of exchange. Edinburgh, 1831 [ . . . , 1831]. . Lectures on the nature and use of money. Edinburgh, 1848 [ . , 1848]. , , organisation of labour [ ], organisation of exchange [ ], . , 16 .
68
, . , . . , *; 1 , 1 , 1 . . , **. , . , ,
, ; ***.
, , , , ****.
, , , , ? *****.
, , ? ? , , ? , . , , , . ,
* . . ., . 63: , , , - , .
** , , , , , , - , , , . , . 6768.
*** , . 16.
**** . , . 182.
***** , . 169.
69
. , , ; , . , . - , , , ; , , . , , , . , , . . , , , . , . , *, **, , , , , . , , .
. , .
* ( . , . 171).
** . ( , . 298.)
70
, , . , , , , , - . , . , , , , , , , , , , *. **.
, , , . , . . , , , . . , , , , , .
* ., ., W. Thompson. An inquiry into the distribution of wealth etc.. London, 1824 [. . . .. , 1824]; Bray. Labours wrongs and labours remedy. Leeds, 1839 [. . , 1839].