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A. 4




, . , , , , . - , 20 , 20 , , . , , , 40 , 20, 20 , , 2 , , , , , 1 , caeteris paribus ** 2 . , ***.

. , , .

, , , , ****.

* Franklin, . The works of etc., ed. by J. Sparks, vol. II. Boston, 1836: A modest inquiry into the nature and necessity of a paper currency [, . , . . . II. , 1836: ].

** . .

*** , . 265: Thus a riches of a country are to be valued by the quantity of labour its inhabitants are able to purchase.

**** Trade in general being nothing else but the exchange of labour for labour, the value of all things is, as I have said before, most justly measured by labour, , . 267.

43

, . , , , , , . ., ? , , , , . . , *. , , , , . , , ; , **. , , , .

, , XVIII : ? , , , . , , , , , , . , , ; , . , , , .

* L. c.: Remarks and tacts relative to the American paper money, 1764. [ : , 1764].

** Papers on American Politics [ ]. , 1764 ( ).

44

, *, , , **. , . (what a workman can perform in a day ***) , ****. . , , , (intrinsic worth), , , (useful value).

, , , , . , , . . *****.

, , , , , . , , (alienation) (universal equivalent), . , . .

* ., , Galiani. Della Moneta, vol. III, Scrittori classici italiani di economia politica (. Custodi). Parte moderna. Milano, 1803 [. , . , . III. , 1803]: fatica [], , , . 74. fatica .

** An inquiry into the principles of political economy, being an essay on the science of domestic policy in free nations [ , ] 1767 . in quarto 10 . 1770 .

*** , . .

**** , , . I, . 181183.

***** , , . I, . 361362; represents a portion of a man's time.

45

, , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , *.

: , , , . . , , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , : , , . . , paradise lost ** , , , , , . ., , . , ,

* , , , , , XVIII . abusive agriculture [ ] trade [ ], . , .

** . .

46

*. , , . . , . , , , , . , , , , .

, , , . , , , , . , ,

**.

, , . . . , . , , . ,

* , , : , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , , . , . , . .

** Ricardo, David. On the principles of political economy and taxation, 3 edition. London, 1821, p. 3 [, . , 3 ., , 1821, . 3].

47

, 1817 . - 18, , , . , , , , , :

, .

, *, , ,

, , **.

, , , , , . , , .

, , , , . , , *** , :

-: . , . :

* Sismondi. Etudes sur l'économie politique, t. 2, p. 162. Bruxelles, 1838 [. , . 2. , 1838, . 162]: . .

** , , . 163166 .

*** . . , ; - Theory of Exchange 19, London, 1858 [ , , 1858] - .

48

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-: , . , *. , . Ergo **, : , , , , ? .

-: . , . , , , , . .

-: , -, , , , , : , , , , , , , ? .

 

 

* , , . , , . , . - , , . , , - (. Misère de la Philosophie etc.. Paris, 1847 [ . .. , 1847] la valeur constituée [ ]).

** . .





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