1. In 1918 head of the government signed some very important decrees. The decree on the oil industry nationalization was one of them. 2. If the pressure of any gas is raised at a constant temperature this gas, when the pressure reaches a certain level, condenses. 3. Petroleum is a substance with some characteristic smell. 4. Have you got any idea about the origin of petroleum? 5. The properties of petroleum compounds are extremely varied: some boil below room temperature, some cannot be distilled without decomposition; all are combustible. 6. Somebody called you up while you were out. 7.There is something I want to tell you. 8. Is everything all right? 9. The text gives you some information about the history of petroleum engineering education in our country. 10. Anybody can answer this question.
11. There was some time when oil production in our country was concentrated mainly in Azerbaijan. 12. Only some ten years ago superdeep drilling was considered experimental.
, one. , one - .
1. One of the most characteristic features of the development of the oil and gas industry in our country is the considerable expansion of its geographic boundaries.
2. The training of petroleum engineers includes a comprehensive study of general subjects as well as specialized ones. 3. The finding and producing of petroleum and gas makes the petroleum industry today a very complex one. 4. The depth of this well is one thousand metres. 5. One can say that the formation of the independent higher petroleum engineering school in the USSR goes back to 1930.
21. :
From the History of Petroleum Engineering Education
In Our Country
The history of petroleum engineering education in our country is inseparable from the history of the foundation and development of its oil and gas industries. In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus.
On July 2, 1918 head of the government signed the decree on the oil industry nationalization (they didn`t produce gaseous raw materials in Russia and there was no gas industry there before the revolution). But during the hard times of the Civil War crude oil production greatly decreased in the country and reached the level of 3.85 mln tons by the end of 1920. Academician I.M.Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert, the founder of petroleum engineering science and education in Russia wrote: Deadly danger threatens our oil industry and it is a crime to keep silent about it. Restoration of our oil industry became one of the most urgent and responsible tasks of the country.
Due to the constant attention of the government large-scale training of oil engineers spread in the country. It should be noted that before the revolution there was no petroleum engineering specialization at higher schools of Russia. Petroleum engineers came from other countries or got education abroad at various geological, mining, polytechnical and special oil institutes. In February 1921 I.M.Gubkin organized the oil engineering department for 50 students at the Moscow Mining Academy and founded the petroleum museum there. The same year training of oil engineers began at the polytechnical institutes that trained qualified specialists for our national economy mainly in the fields of oil geology, production and refining.
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The formation of the independent higher petroleum engineering school in Russia goes back to 1930 when the system of higher technical education was reorganized to meet the requirements of different branches of industry. Thus, the Mining Academy was transformed into 6 independent institutes. One of them was the Moscow Oil Institute. The Polytechnical Institutes of Baku and Grozny were reorganized into oil institutes.
Before the war over 80 percent of all known oil reserves were in the Caucasus. Today powerful oil streams flow from installations in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, the Kuibyshev, Volgograd, Saratov, Perm and Orenburg regions. Oil was first struck there in the Chusovskiye Gorodki field (the Perm region) in 1929. A systematic development of numerous oil fields of this biggest province began in 1932 when oil spouted from Low Province sediments of the Ishimbaysky field in Bashkortostan. Since the second half of the 1950s the Volga-Urals has become the main oil-producing province of the country.
The Western Siberia lowland is the worlds biggest oil and gas-bearing province. The first Western Siberian oil gusher spouted from 1,500 meters deep sediment in the Trekhozerny oil field in 1960. Geologically, oil field development in Western Siberia presents no difficulties. The problem is to weather the harsh natural and climatic conditions. Oil is not the only asset of Western Siberia. There is an abundance of natural gas there.
At present a great number of specialists for oil, gas and petrochemical industries are trained at petroleum universities, as well as the oil departments of some polytechnical institutes of the country. High qualification of our petroleum engineers will determine the intensive development of the oil and gas industries.
22. :
1. What kind of decree did head of the government sign on July 2, 1918? 2. What made it possible for large-scale training of oil engineers to spread in the country?
3. What do you know about the petroleum engineering specialization before the revolution in our country? 4. What institution did I.M. Gubkin found? 5. Why was the system of Soviet higher technical education reorganized in 1930? 6. When did a systematic development of oil fields of the Volga-Urals province begin? 7. Where is the world`s biggest oil and gas-bearing province? 8. What problems arise in oil field development in Western Siberia? 9. What are the assets of Western Siberia?
10. Where can students get petroleum engineering education?
, 22.
24. :
| ton | to embrace |
| oil-bearing | amount |
| oil-producing | level |
| cure | leading oil powers |
| disease | oil-field |
| deposit | to estimate |
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, .
1. The history of our oil industry dates back to the old times.
2. The history of our oil industry dates back to the postwar period.
3. The oil industry of our country has gone through three stages.
4. At present 4 million tons are produced in less than four days.
The history of our oil industry dates back to the old times. At that time already oil was for the people the source of light, fuel and means to cure diseases. The oil industry of our country has gone through two stages of development. The first was the restoration and technical reconstruction of the old oil-fields of Baku, Grozny and Krasnodar. The second stage embraces the intensive geological exploration and discovery of oil and gas fields in the eastern and other parts of the country. The oil industry in this country began its development in 1920 with 4 million tons. At present this amount is produced in less than four days. The most remarkable achievement of recent years has been the establishment of new oil-producing centres in Western Siberia.
25. :
A: By the way, what can you say about petroleum engineering education in the near
future?
B: You see, I think that changes occur very gradually. As you know we have not seen any big changes in petroleum engineering education lately.
A: Oh, you doubt?
B: You are right. I do doubt that we will have any monumental changes in curriculum.
A: But you know that the advances made in computer technology have affected all education in the past.
B: I am greatly interested in the qualification of the future petroleum engineers. Id like to know your opinion on this point.
A: I think that the petroleum engineer of the future will need a better understanding of economics. I also think that he will have better communication skills, both oral and written.
B: You are quite right. I want to say that the petroleum engineer needs a better overall view of drilling, production, reservoir engineering, geology, and geophysics.
A: I suppose so. Many things should be done to solve these problems.
26. :
Jimmy: Ive added these numbers ten times.
Teacher: Good boy.
Jimmy: And here are the ten answers.
2
: 1. ( Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect).
2. it.
: The System of Petroleum Education in Our Country.
1. :
- call, all, more;
- laboratory, always;
- number, under, other, study, some, such;
- gas, carry, than, that, has, practical;
- many, level, present, seven, method;
- even, field, between, free, receive;
- paid, education, later, enumerate, main;
- October, grown, close, most;
- new, usually, computer, future, unity.
2. , :
government [ ], petrochemical [ ], polytechnical [ ], reservoir[ ], nowadays[ ], society [ ], maintenance [ ].
3. :
carry out ()
comprise ,
decree
drilling
reservoir engineering -
prospecting -
enumerate
extra-mural ()
faculty
full-time (part-time) education ()
level
maintenance grant
master
nowadays ,
practical training
provide
publish
separate
single out ,
research
unity
well-equipped
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work-shop
a great number
free of charge
as to
4. :
1) to pay great attention 1)
2) to single out 2)
3) to comprise 3)
4) branch 4)
5) to enumerate 5)
6) full-time and part-time education 6)
7) unity 7)
8) in close connection with 8)
9) under the guidance 9)
10) maintenance grant 10)
5. :
to pay great attention to , the level of petroleum education, a great number of new specialities, the educational period, full-time and part-time education, extra-mural (correspondence), well-equipped laboratory, to master mathematics, as to the foreign language, in close connection with, oil refinery, pipeline construction site, student`s scientific society, free of charge, to receive maintenance grants.
6. :
to publish the decree, the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy, a separate petroleum institute, gas industry, the system of education, special institutes, some faculties, polytechnical institutes, traditional specialities, geological and geophysical prospecting of oil and gas fields, production methods, pipeline transportation, typical oil institute, educational period, the main idea, academic, practical education, well-equipped laboratories, computer classes, mathematics, physical.
7. , , :
attention attentive, educational education, industrial industry, traditional tradition, type typical, usual usually, main mainly, connect connection, academy academic, practice practical practicable, guide guidance, independent independence.
8. -:
drilling, prospecting, drawing.
9. :
) al:
educational, technical, geological, chemical, petrochemical, polytechnical, traditional, geophysical, typical, practical;
) ion ( tion, ation):
attention, education, revolution, organization, tradition, construction, operation, specialization, connection;
) ment:
achievement, development, department, equipment, improvement;
) fold (
)
twofold (two-fold) , , , .
: manyfold, tenfold, thousandfold, eightfold.
10. branch (branch , , , ):
1. Russia has hundreds of branches and types of production. 2. The development of the petrochemical industry, fuel and energy complexes, metallurgy and leading branches of the engineering industry becomes very important for the heavy industry and other branches of the national economy. 3. The Institute has its branches in five industrial cities of our country.
11. :
as ; ; ; ; ; ;
as a rule
as well as (); , ()
as to ; ; .
:
1. The total number of students of a university includes full-time students as well as the students who study at the evening or correspondence departments. 2. As a rule, every university has also post-graduate courses. 3. The students may leave the Petroleum University as oil engineers, mechanical engineers, etc. 4. The outer zone of the earth, known as the earths crust, is the zone on which we live. 5. As the university is in close connection with oil industry, the students take practical training at oil refineries, oil fields and other industrial enterprises of our country. 6. As to the foreign languages a student may study English, German, French languages.
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12. , that (, ) that (those) - ): it is that - ,
1. It is known that our country has always paid attention to the education of petroleum engineers. 2. The equipment that the postgraduates have used for carrying out their experiments is of modern design. 3. It was clear that computers performed the work that man could not. 4. At present the system of petroleum education in our country is more complex than that before World War II. 5. It is due to Gubkins works that we know the origin of oil. 6. The level of petroleum education is many times greater than that in 1930.
13. to study :
| I study () I studied I shall study | I am studying I was studying I shall be studying | I have studied I had studied I shall have studied |
| , ; ( ) | , ; , , , ; (, ) | , ; , , () |
