(79.3) r, Q, (. 124),
. , (. 124) , , , .
(. 125), , . , , , , . , , , , , .
, , Q, Q/ e0, . .
(81.1)
Q.
, n . (80.2) , , E i , :
(81.1), , , Qi / e0. ,
(81.2)
(81.2) : , e0. . . (18011862), . .
r = d Q/ d V, . , S, V,
(81.3)
(81.3), (81.2) :
82.
1. . (. 126) +s(s = d Q/ d S , ). . , , . (sa=0), , ( n ), . . 2 ES. , , s S. (81.2), 2 ES= s S/ e0,
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(82.1)
(82.1) , , . . , , .
2. (. 127). + s s. , . , . ( ), E =0. E = E + + E (E + E (82.1)),
(82.2)
, (82.2), , , .
3. . R Q +s. , , . (. 128). r, . r>R,ro Q, , , (81.2), ,
(82.3)
r>R r , . r . 129. r'<R, , (E =0).
4. . R Q r(r = , ).
(. . 3), , , (. (82.3)). . r'<R Q'= 4/3 . , (81.2), . , ,
(82.4)
, (82.3), r' (82.4). r . 130.
5. (). R (. 131) t (t = , ). , . r l. ( ), 2 prl. (81.2), r>R 2 prl = tl/e 0,
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(82.5)
r<R, , E =0. , (82.5), .
83.
Q 1 2 (. 132) Q 0, , , . F d l
d/cosa=d r,
Q 0 1 2
(83.1)
, 1 2 . , , (. 12).
(83.1) , , L, , ..
(83.2)
, , , d l d l = El dl, El = E cos a . (83.2)
(83.3)
. , . , (83.3), . , , ( ) .
(83.3) . , (83.3) ( ).
84.
, ( ), , (. 12). (. (12.2)), . (83.1) , Q 0 Q:
(84.1)
, qq Q
, , , . , (r ¥) (U =0), =0 Q 0, Q ,
(84.2)
Q 0 Q> 0 () , Q 0 Q <0 () .
n Q 1, Q 2 ,..., Qn, , Q 0, , . U Q 0, , Ui, :
(84.3)
(84.2) (84.3) , U/Q 0 Q 0 , :
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(84.4)
j - , , .
(84.4) (84.2) , , Q,
(84.5)
, Q 0 1 2 (. (84.1), (84.4), (84.5)),
(84.6)
. . . 1 2 , , 1 2.
Q 0 1 2
(84.7)
(84.6) (84.7), :
(84.8)
, , .
Q 0 , . . , , , , , (84.6), A ¥ =Q 0 j,
(84.9)
, , . , ( ) .
(84.4) , (): 1 , 1 1 (1 = 1 /). , , 79 1 /: 1 /=1 ×/(×)=1 /(×)=1 /.
(84.3) (84.4) , , :
85. .
, , .
, x 2 x 1 = d x, Ex d x. j 1 j 2 =dj. ,
(85.1)
, . z, :
i, j, k , , z.
(12.4) (12.6) ,
(85.2)
. . . , .
, (. 25), , j .
, , (84.5), , . , . , .
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. , , , . . , , . , , .
. , . . , , .
, , , , . . 133 ( ) ( ) () , , ().
86.
85 .
1. (82.1): E =s/(2e0), s . , x 1 2 , ( (85.1))
2. (82.2); = s/e0, s . , d (. (85.1)),
(86.1)
3. R Q
(r> R) (82.3): , r 1 r 2 (r 1 >R, r 2 >R, r 2 >r 1 ),
(86.2)
r 1 =r r 2=¥, , (86.2),
(. (84.5)).
j r . 134.
4. R Q (r>R) (82.3), , r 1 r 2 (r 1 > R, r 2 > R, r 2 > r 1), (86.2). , r ' (r'<R), (82.4): , , ( <R, <R, > ),
5. R,
t, (r>R) (82.5): , , r 1 r 2 (r 1> R, r 2> R, r 2> r 1),
(86.3)
87. .
( ) . , . + Q, , Q, , , (80.3).
(N2, 2, 2, 2, 4,...) , , . . , , . . ( , ) .
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(H2O, N3, SO2, CO,...) , , . . . , . . , , . , .
(NaCl, KCl, r,...) , . . , . , .
, , , , . .