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(79.3) r, Q, (. 124),

. , (. 124) , , , .

(. 125), , . , , , , . , , , , , .

, , Q, Q/ e0, . .

(81.1)

Q.

, n . (80.2) , , E i , :

(81.1), , , Qi / e0. ,

(81.2)

(81.2) : , e0. . . (18011862), . .

r = d Q/ d V, . , S, V,

(81.3)

(81.3), (81.2) :

82.

1. . (. 126) +s(s = d Q/ d S , ). . , , . (sa=0), , ( n ), . . 2 ES. , , s S. (81.2), 2 ES= s S/ e0,

(82.1)

(82.1) , , . . , , .

2. (. 127). + s s. , . , . ( ), E =0. E = E + + E (E + E (82.1)),

(82.2)

, (82.2), , , .

3. . R Q +s. , , . (. 128). r, . r>R,ro Q, , , (81.2), ,

(82.3)

r>R r , . r . 129. r'<R, , (E =0).

4. . R Q r(r = , ).

(. . 3), , , (. (82.3)). . r'<R Q'= 4/3 . , (81.2), . , ,

(82.4)

, (82.3), r' (82.4). r . 130.

5. (). R (. 131) t (t = , ). , . r l. ( ), 2 prl. (81.2), r>R 2 prl = tl/e 0,

(82.5)

r<R, , E =0. , (82.5), .

83.

Q 1 2 (. 132) Q 0, , , . F d l

d/cosa=d r,

Q 0 1 2

(83.1)

, 1 2 . , , (. 12).

(83.1) , , L, , ..

(83.2)

, , , d l d l = El dl, El = E cos a . (83.2)

(83.3)

. , . , (83.3), . , , ( ) .

(83.3) . , (83.3) ( ).

84.

, ( ), , (. 12). (. (12.2)), . (83.1) , Q 0 Q:

(84.1)

, qq Q

, , , . , (r ¥) (U =0), =0 Q 0, Q ,

(84.2)

Q 0 Q> 0 () , Q 0 Q <0 () .

n Q 1, Q 2 ,..., Qn, , Q 0, , . U Q 0, , Ui, :

(84.3)

(84.2) (84.3) , U/Q 0 Q 0 , :

(84.4)

j - , , .

(84.4) (84.2) , , Q,

(84.5)

, Q 0 1 2 (. (84.1), (84.4), (84.5)),

(84.6)

. . . 1 2 , , 1 2.

Q 0 1 2

(84.7)

(84.6) (84.7), :

(84.8)

, , .

Q 0 , . . , , , , , (84.6), A ¥ =Q 0 j,

(84.9)

, , . , ( ) .

(84.4) , (): 1 , 1 1 (1 = 1 /). , , 79 1 /: 1 /=1 ×/(×)=1 /(×)=1 /.

(84.3) (84.4) , , :

85. .

, , .

, x 2 x 1 = d x, Ex d x. j 1 j 2 =dj. ,

(85.1)

, . z, :

i, j, k , , z.

(12.4) (12.6) ,

(85.2)

. . . , .

, (. 25), , j .

, , (84.5), , . , . , .

. , , , . . , , . , , .

. , . . , , .

, , , , . . 133 ( ) ( ) () , , ().

86.

85 .

1. (82.1): E =s/(2e0), s . , x 1 2 , ( (85.1))

2. (82.2); = s/e0, s . , d (. (85.1)),

(86.1)

3. R Q

(r> R) (82.3): , r 1 r 2 (r 1 >R, r 2 >R, r 2 >r 1 ),

(86.2)

r 1 =r r 2=¥, , (86.2),

(. (84.5)).

j r . 134.

4. R Q (r>R) (82.3), , r 1 r 2 (r 1 > R, r 2 > R, r 2 > r 1), (86.2). , r ' (r'<R), (82.4): , , ( <R, <R, > ),

5. R,

t, (r>R) (82.5): , , r 1 r 2 (r 1> R, r 2> R, r 2> r 1),

(86.3)

87. .

( ) . , . + Q, , Q, , , (80.3).

(N2, 2, 2, 2, 4,...) , , . . , , . . ( , ) .

(H2O, N3, SO2, CO,...) , , . . . , . . , , . , .

(NaCl, KCl, r,...) , . . , . , .

, , , , . .





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