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17




, , , , . , Q, , (j1 j2) :

(94.1)

, S , d +Q Q. , . (86.1) (94.1). , (86.1),

(94.2)

e . (94.1), Q=sS, (94.2) :

(94.3)

, r 1 r 2 (r 2 > r 1), , , - . (86.3) t =Q/l (l ).

(94.4)

(94.4) (94.1), :

(94.5)

, , , (86.2) , r 1 r 2 (r 2 > r 1) .

(94.6)

(94.6) (94.1),

d=r 2 r1<< r 1, r 2 r 1 r C= 4pe0e r 2 /d. 4p r 2 , (94.3). , . : (94.5) ln (r 2/ r 1) , . (94.3).

(94.3), (94.5) (94.7) , , . .

, . , .

, .

1. (. 144). jA jB. 1, 2 ,..., n, , (94.1),

. . .

2. (. 145). ,

D ji = Q / i. ,

. . , . , . , .

95. , .

1. . (. 83); , . Q 1 Q 2, r . (. (84.2) (84.5)):

j 12 j 21 , Q 2 Q 1 Q 1 Q 2. (84.5),

W 1 = W 2 = W

Q 3, Q 4 ,..., , n

(95.1)

ji , , Qi, , i -.

2. . , , Q, , j. d Q. d Q , ,

j,

(95.2)

, , :

(95.3)

(95.3) , , . j, (95.1)

 

- .

3. . , , (95.3)

(95.4)

Q , , Dj .

(95.4), () , . , , , d x. d A=F d x F d x = d W,

(95.5)

(95.4) (94.3),

(95.6)

(. (95.5) (95.6)), :

, F .

4. . (95.4), , (C=e 0 eS/d) (D j = Ed.

(95.7)

V= Sd . (95.7) , , , .

( )

(95.8)

(95.8) , (88.2): = {e 0 .

(95.4) (95.7) . , , ? . , . . . . , , , , . , .

11.1. , , 0,8 /3. , ? e=2. [1,6 /3]

11.2. s = 1,5 /2 . a=45. , r= 10 . [1,88 ×]

11.3. r =10 t =10 /. , . =20 . [1 /]

11.4. R= 10 r =5 /3. : 1) r 1 = 2 ; 2) r 2=12 . (r). [1) 3,77 /; 2) 13,1 /]

11.5. t = 1 /. , r 1=2,5 r 2=1,5 ? [18 /]

11.6. R= 4 , s = 1 /2. , r 1 = 6 r 2=10 . [1,2 ]

11.7. , Q =1 r 1 =10 r 2 = 5 , , 0,1 . [8 /]

11.8. (e = 2). d =8,85 . , 0,05 /2? [500 ]

11.9. r =10 /3 R = 5 e=6. r 1 = 2 r 2 = 10 . [ E 1=1,25 /; E 2=23,5 /]

11.10. (e = 7). d=5 , U =500 . , S = 50 2. [6,64 ]

11.11. =10 U= 1 . . : 1) ; 2) . [1) 2 ; 2) 5 ]

11.12. U =200 . S =100 2, d =1 , (e = 2). . [3,54 ]

12

96. ,

, , , . () . : , (. 146, ), . . , . (. 146, ), .

, , , , , , - , . .

I , , :

, .

Q , t . ().

, , , , :

á v ñ . n ( ), dt S dQ=ne á v ñ S d t.

(96.1)

, , . . j . (/2).

S j, . .

(96.2)

d S = n d S (n d S, j a).

97. .

, ( ) . . , . . , , .

. , ; . . , , , , . , .

. , , , (...), :

(97.1)

, , , . , : , : ..., . . . ..., , (. (84.9) (97.1)).

F , Q 0,

. Q 0

(97.2)

(97.2) Q 0, . . ., :

. . ..., , . ..., 1 2,

(97.3)

Q 0 F e= Q 0 E. , , Q 0,

, Q 0 1 2,

(97.3) (84.8),

(97.4)

(. 83),

U 1 2 , , () . , (97.4),

: , ..., . . .

98. .

. (1787;1854) , I, (. . , ), U :

(98.1)

R . (98.1) ( ): . (98.1) (): 1 , 1 1 .

. (): 1 1 .

, , . R l S:

(98.2)

r , . × (×). (1,6×108 ×) (1,7×108 ×). . , , (2,6×108 ×), .

. (98.2) (98.1),

(98.3)

, ,

. (/). , U / l = , I/S = j , (98.3)

(98.4)

, j . (98.4)

(98.5)

(98.5) , . .

, , , :

r r 0, R R 0 t 0, a , ( ) 1/273 1. ,





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