.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


. .




, , , .

, , ; , . 16 20 .

16 , 20 , 109 1012 .

.

(, , , ).

, . . , (, , ), (, , , ).

( ). , , . , .

.

, , , . (, ).

 

:

) (v). , . , , . 330 / ( 1200 /). 1500 /; .

) (I) . ( 1 ):

I 0 = 1012 /2; ; I 0 1013 109 /2;

I max 10 /2; .

) (). .

() , ; .

. :

P 0 = 2×105 ;

m =

= 60 .

(I) () :

I = P 2/2 rv,

r , v .

) (R a) (r) (v):

R a = rv.

(r) , :

r = I / I .

r :

r = [(R a2 R a1)/(R a2 + R a1)]2.

.

(b) , () :

b = I / I .

b

b = 4(R a1/ R a2)/(R a1/ R a1 + 1)2.

, , , . , , .

) . , , . (L):

L = lg (I / I 0); L = 2 lg (P / P 0). (1.3.79)

, [].

, 10 1 .

, []: 1 = 0,1 . :

L = 10 lg (I / I 0); L = 20 lg (P / P 0).

, :

I = I 1 + I 2 +...

:

L = lg (10 L l+10 L l +...).

.

L = 0,l× L .

:

, , ( , ). ( ).

. , , . .

.

-:

( ), ( ).

1 , 1 . :

() 1 , , ,

= klg (I/I 0). (1.3.80)

 

32. , L 1 = 50 , L 2 = 30 . .

: L 1 = 50 = 5 ;

L 2 = 30 = 3 ;

I 0 = 1012 /2.

: I 1/ I 2.

. , (1.3.79) :

L 1 = lg (I 1/ I 0); L 2 = lg (I 2/ I 0),

I 1 I 2:

5 = lg (I 1/ I 0) Þ I 1 = I 0×105;

3 = lg (I 2/ I 0) Þ I 2 = I 0×103.

: I 1/ I 2 = 105/103 = 100.

: 100.

33. , . 40 , . , ?

: L = L + 4.

: I min.

. , (1.3.79),

L = lg (I min/ I 0); L = lg (I 2/ I 0), (1.3.81)

I 0 .

(1.3.81) ,

L = lg (I min/ I 0) = L + 4 = lg (I 2/ I 0) + 4,

lg (I min/ I 0) lg (I 2/ I 0) = 4, ,

lg [(I min/ I 0): (I 2/ I 0)] = 4 Þ lg (I min/ I 2) = 4, :

I min/ I 2 = 104 Þ I min = I 2×104.

I 2 = 1012 /2, I min = 108 /2.

: I min = 108 /2.

 

34. 1000 , 106 /2 108 /2. ?

: n = 1000 ;

I 1 = 106 /2;

I 2 = 108 /2;

I 0 = 1012 /2.

: L 2 L 1.

. (1.3.79):

L 1 = lg (I 1/ I 0); L 2 = lg (I 2/ I 0),

L 1 = lg (106/1012) = 6; L 2 = lg (108/1012) = 4.

L 2 L 1 = 6 4 = 2 () = 20 ().

: 20 .

 

35. 26 %. ? 1000 .

: n = 1000 ;

I 0 = 1012 /2;

k = 1;

DI = 26 %.

: DL.

. , 1000 , (1.3.80), k = 1,

= klg (I/I 0) = lg (I/I 0) = L,

DL = lg (DI/I 0) = 11,4 () = 1 () = 1 ().

: 1 .

 

36. 90 . , ?

: L 1 = 90 = 9 ;

I 0 = 1012 /2;

: L 2.

. (1.3.79) , I 1:

L 1 = lg (I 1/ I 0) Þ I 1 = 109×1012 = 103 (/2).

:

L 2 = lg (3 I 1/ I 0) = lg (3×103/1012) = 9,5 () = 95 ().

: 95 .

 

37. 10 . 4 . (1/1000) . ?

: = 105 ;

t = 1 .

: W.

. , W ( ):

W = × t.

t 2 = t /2 = 0,5 ().

(1/1000) ,

W 2 = × t 2 = 5×109 (), = 0,001 .

: 5×109 .

 





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