ω , % | ( ) | |
C | 0,14 | , ; , , .. |
Si | 27,6 | SiO2 (, , ); ( , , , ) |
Ge | 7*104 | Ag8GeS6 (); Cu3(Fe, Ge)S4 () |
Sn | 4*103 | SnO2 (); Cu2FeSnS4 () |
Pb | 1,6*103 | PbS (); PbSO4 (); PbCO3 () |
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C | Si | Ge | Sn | Pb | |
(% ) | 12(98,89) 13(1,11) | 28(92,27) 29(4,68) 30(3,05) | 70(20,55) 72(27,37) 73(7,67) 74(36,74) 76(7,67) | 116(14,24) 117(7,57) 118(24,01) 119(8,58) 120(32,97) 122(4,71) 124(5,98) | 204(1,48) 206(23,6) 207(22,6) 208(52,3) |
, | 11,2604 | 8,1517 | 7,900 | 7,3439 | 7,4168 |
, | 1,27 | 1,36 | 1,74 | 1,03 | 1,03 |
2,50 | 1,74 | 2,02 | 1,72 | 1,55 | |
4; +2; +4 | 4; +2; +4 | +2; +4 | +2; +4 | +2; +4 |
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C | Si | Ge | Sn | Pb | |
( ) | : 1) ( ) 2) (); 3) () | - ( ) | - ( ) | : 1)α-- ( ); 2)β-- ( , 140) | ( --) |
1) -; 2) ; 3) | - - | - | 1) ; 2) - | -- | |
, ρ, /3 (293 ) | 1) 2,265 2) 3,515 | 2,328 | 5,323 | 1) 5,846 2) 7,295 | 11,336 |
, 0 | 231,9 | 327,4 | |||
, 0 | 4827 () |
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, | ||
, t | → ; Si → ; Ge, Sn, Pb → | |
H2t | ||
Hal, t | C → CF4; Si, Ge, Sn → EHal4; Pb → PbF4, PbCl4; PbBr2; PbI2 | |
O2, t | C, Si, Ge, Sn → EO2; Pb → PbO | |
S, t | C, Si, Ge, Sn → ES2; Ge, Sn, Pb → ES | |
N2, t ≥13000C | Si → Si3N4 | |
P, t | Si, Ge, Sn → EP; EP2; EP3 | |
C |
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|
|
, | ||
H2O, t ≤1000C | C, Si → | |
H2SO4() | C, Si → ; Ge, Sn →E(SO4)2; Pb →Pb(HSO4)2 | |
H2SO4() | C, Si, Ge → ; Sn →SnSO4; Pb → | |
HNO3() | C → CO2; Si → ; Ge, Sn → xEO2 yH2O; Pb → | |
HNO3() | C, Si, Ge → ; Sn, Pb → E(NO3)2 | |
HCl | C, Si, Ge → ; Sn → SnCl2; Pb → | |
NaOH | C, Ge → ; Si → Na2SiO3; Sn, Pb → Na2[E(OH)4] |
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ò ֲ IJ
Ҳ V-
C | 1) , , , , . 2) : , , ; Cl2 , , 0,006 / , , ; N () , , , . |
Si | 1) , . 2) , . 3) 1 . 4) SiO2 . |
Ge | . |
Sn | 1) . 2) , 17 . 3) . |
Pb | 1) . 2) . 3) , , , , . |
V-
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