| , | ||
| H2O | ||
| H2SO4 (), t | Cu → CuSO4 Ag → Ag2SO4 Au → | |
| H2SO4 () | ||
| HCl (), t | Cu → H2[CuCl2] | |
| HCl () | ||
| HNO3 (), t | Cu → Cu(NO3)2 Ag → AgNO3 Au → | |
| HNO3 + 3HCl + HCl | Cu → H2[CuCl4] Ag → H[AgCl2] Au → H[AuCl4] | |
| NaOH |
39
ò ֲ Ҳ -
| |
| Cu | 1) , . 2) , , . |
| Ag | , 10-7 / . |
| Au | , . |
-
40
Ҳ I-
|
| ω , % | ( ) |
| Be | 6*10-4 | 3BeO Al2O3 6SiO2 (); Be2[SiO4] () |
| Mg | 2,1 | 2MgO SiO2 (); MgCO3 (); MgCO3 CaCO3 (); MgCl2 KCl 6H2O () |
| Ca | 3,6 | CaCO3 (); CaO SiO2 (); CaO Al2O3 2SiO2 (); CaSO4 2H2O (); MgCO3 CaCO3 () |
| Sr | 4*10-2 | SrCO3 (); SrCO4 () |
| Ba | 5*10-2 | BaCO3 (); BaSO4 (, ) |
| Ra | 1*10-10 | ̳ |
41
Ͳ Ҳ
| Be | Mg | Ca | Sr | Ba | R | |
| (% ) | 9 (100) | 24(78,6) 25(10-11) 26(11,29) | 40(96,97) 42(0,64) 43(0,145) 44(2,06) 46(0,003) 48*(0,185) | 84(0,5) 86(9,8) 87(7,2) 88(82,5) | 130(0,101) 132(0,097) 134(2,42) 135(6,59) 136(7,81) 137(11,32) 138(71,66) | 226* 13 -- |
| , | 9,3227 | 7,6461 | 6,1131 | 5,6941 | 5,2114 | 5,2790 |
| , | 0,38 | 0,22 | 1,93 | 1,51 | 0,48 | |
| 1,47 | 1,23 | 1,04 | 0,99 | 0,97 | 0,97 | |
| +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 |
42
Ͳ Բ-ղ̲Ͳ Ҳ
| Be | Mg | Ca | Sr | Ba | Ra | |
| ( ) | () | ( - ) | ( ᒺ- ) | |||
| ѳ | ||||||
| - | - | |||||
| , ρ, /3 (293 ) | 1,8477 | 1,738 | 1,55 | 2,54 | 3,594 | ~5 |
| , 0 | ||||||
| , 0 | 2970 ↑ |
|
|
|
ղ̲Ͳ Ҳ Ҳ -
43
ֲ
| , | ||
| , t | , | |
| H2, t, Mg ↑ | EH2 ( Be) | |
| Hal, t | EHal | |
| O2, t | EO | |
| S, t | ES | |
| N2, t | E3N2 | |
| P, t | E3P2 | |
| C, t | Be → Be2C, BeC2 Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba → EC2 (t = 12500C) |
44
ֲ ²
| , | ||
| H2O, Mg () | E(OH)2 ( ) | |
| HCl () | ECl2 (Be → [Be(H2O)4]Cl2) | |
| HNO3() | E(NO3)2 ( ) | |
| HNO3() | E(NO3)2 | |
| H2SO4() | ESO4 ( ) | |
| H2SO4() | ESO4 (Be → [Be(H2O)4]SO4) | |
| NH3(), , kat Pt | E(NH2)2 ( Mg) | |
| , t, - 23 | EO + B | |
| , t, - ScF3 | EF2 + Sc | |
| NaOH | Be → Na2[Be(OH)4] |
45
ò ֲ IJ
Ҳ I-
|
| |
| Be | 1) , . 2) Be2+ . 3) . |
| Mg | 1) . 2) Mg2+ . 3) . |
| Ca | 1) ̳ . 2) 0,7 1,4%, 99% , . 3) , . 4) . |
| Sr | 1) . 2) , . 3) 90Sr , . |
| Ba | 1) ̳ . 2) , , . |
| Ra | . |
-B
46
