apprentice [ ] 1. 1) , 2) ;
gradually [ ] , -, ,
proper [ ] 1. 1) ) , ) , 2) , ; ;
ward [w%d] 1) ) , ) ( -., -.), ,
distinction [ ] 1) , ; , 2) , 3) ,
virtue ['vq:tj9] 1) , 2) , , , 3) , 4) , 5) ,
welfare ['welfEq] 1) , ,
ethos ['i:TOs]; , , ;
in respect of
franchise ['fr1n7aiz] 1) , 2) Am.
issue ['iSu:]! 4) ) , , (-.) ) ; ( , ..) ) ( )
enact [ ] 1) , , ; ; 2) ) ;
panel discussion
vital ['vaitl] 1) 2) () , , ;
Molly: Yolanda, I have big news to tell you. I've made a very big decision.
Yolanda: Well, come on. What is it?
M: I'm going to apply to a medical school.
Y.: You're what? But I thought you wanted to teach.
M.: I've decided to give that up. Teaching jobs are being cut back now at many universities.
Y.: Yes, and I've read that a number of liberal arts colleges have been closed.
M.: I have a friend who finished his Ph. D. in history last year. He's been looking for a teaching position for a year, and he has been turned down by every school so far.
Y.: Isuppose a Ph.D. in the humanities isn't worth very much these days.
M.: No, it isn't. And even if you find a teaching job, the salary is very low.
Y.: Yeah, college teachers should be paid more. But, Molly, it's very difficult to get into medical school today.
M.: I know. I've been told the same thing by everyone.
Y.: How are you going to pay for it? It costs a fortune to go to medical schools now.
M.: Maybe I can get a loan from the federal government.
Y.: That's an interesting possibility but it doesn't solve the financial problem entirely even if you get the student financial aid. You will graduate owing money. Medical students, especially, acquired heavy debts. Recently I read of one who owed $ 60,000. Won't you be facing sufficient other problems without starting life in debt? Aren't many college graduates having trouble even finding jobs? When they find them, don't they begin at relatively modest salaries?
M.: I don't know, but...
Y.: It's foolish for a student to acquire debt, a negative dowry, unless it's absolutely imperative. Students sometimes become so excited about college that they forget there's life afterwards.
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M: Maybe you're right. Life is a series of compromises, I'll have to consider career possibilities in the light of college costs...
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| B. 1. He wanted to be left alone to go about his business. 2. His new book was going along nicely. 3. The breakfast arrived and he went at it like a starving refugee. 4. I'll try to go by reason as far as possible. I'm sorry, madam, but we have to go by rules. 5. "I think my presentation went down rather well, don't you?" 6. In spite of going down badly with the critics, the film has been a tremendous commercial success. 7. I'd rather not go into that now. 8. Don't sign anything until you have gone over it thoroughly. 9. Go easy on salt, it's bad for your heart. 10. Some jokes go round year after year. 11. Could I have a glass of water to help these pills go down? 12. They were looking for a minute at the soft hinted green in the branches against the sky. 13. Although it was a raw March afternoon, with a hint of fog coming in with the dusk, he had the window wide open. 14.1 coughed politely as she lit a cigarette but she didn't take the hint. 15. There's only a hint of brandy in the sauce, so I don't think it'll make you drunk. 16. This was a large low-ceilinged room, with rattling machines at which men in white shirt sleeves and blue aprons were working. 17. Druet was rattling on boasting about his recent victories and Hurstwood grew more and more resentful. 18. The quiet deliberate footsteps approaching my door rattled me/got me rattled. 19. She seemed rattled about my presence/by my question. 20.1 had taken a taxi which rattled down the road. 21. He was left alone except Rachel rattling pots in the kitchen. 22. Reduced to extreme poverty, begging, sometimes going hungry, sometimes sleeping in the parks, Hurstwood admitted to himself the game was up. 23. The Education Department had threatened the headmaster with a reduction in the staff, which meant more work and reduced salaries for the remaining teachers and himself. 24. Every,building in the area was reduced to rubble. 25. The captain was reduced to the ranks for his dishonorable action. 26. The contractor had reduced his price from sixty to forty thousand dollars. 27. Mr. Lamb resented these intrusions and reduced them to a minimum. 28. They were reduced to selling the car to pay the phone bill. 29. They have made substantial reductions in the labor costs. 30. By the end of the interview Martin was reduced to almost speechless anger. | B. 1. , . 2. . 3. , . 4. . , , . 5. " , , ? " 6. , . 7. . 8. - , . 9. , . 10. . 11. {**} , ? 12. {**} . 13. , , , . 14.1 , {**} , . 15. , , , . 16. -ceilinged {**}, {**}, . 17. Druet , Hurstwood . 18. {**} , / , . 19. , . 20.1 , . 21. , . 22. , , , , Hurstwood {**} . 23. , . 24. , . 25. . 26. . 27. . . 28. , {**}. 29. . 30. . |
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UNIT 2
TEXT From: TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD
By Harper Lee
Harper Lee was born in 1926 in the state of Alabama. In 1945-1949 she studied law at the University of Alabama. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is her first novel. It received almost unanimous critical acclaim and several awards, the Pulitzer Prize among them (1961). A screen play adaptation of the novel was filmed in 1962.
This book is a magnificent, powerful novel in which the author paints a true and lively picture of a quiet Southern town in Alabama rocked by a young girl's accusation of criminal assault.
Tom Robinson, a Negro, who was charged with raping a white girl, old Bob Ewell's daughter, could have a court-appointed defence. When Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch, an experienced smart lawyer and a very clever man, he was sure that Atticus would do his best. At least Atticus was the only man in those parts who could keep a jury1 out so long in a case like that. Atticus was eager to take up this case in spite of the threats of the Ku-Klux-Klan.2
He, too, was sure he would not win, because as he explained it to his son afterwards: "In our courts, when it is a white man's word against a black man's, the white man always wins. The one place, where a man ought to get a square deal is in a court-room, be he any colour of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box. As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he. comes from, that white man is trash...
There is nothing more sickening to me than a low-grade white man who'll take advantage of a Negro's ignorance. Don't fool yourselves it's all adding up and one of these days we're going to pay the bill for it".
Atticus's son Jem aged thirteen and his daughter Jean Louise, nicknamed Scout, aged seven were present at the trial and it is Jean Louise, who describes it...
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| Atticus was half-way through his speech to the jury. He had evidently pulled some papers from his briefcase that rested beside his chair, because they were on his table. Tom Robinson was toying with them. "...absence of any corroborative evidence, this man was indicted on a capital charge and is now on trial for his life... " I punched Jem.."How long's he been at it?" "He's just gone over the evidence," Jem whispered... We looked down again. Atticus was speaking easily, with the kind of detachment he used when he dictated a letter. He walked slowly up and down in front of the jury, and the jury seem ed to be attentive: their heads were up, and they followed Atticus's route with what seemed to be appreciation. I guess it was because Atticus wasn't a thunderer. Atticus paused, then he did something he didn't ordinarily do. He unhitched his watch and chain and placed them on the table, saying, "With the court's permission " Judge Taylor nodded, and then Atticus did something I never saw him do before or since, in public or in private: he unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosenedhis tie, and took off his coat. He never loosened a scrap of his clothing until he undressed at bedtime, and to Jem and me, this was the equivalent of him standing before us stark naked. We exchanged horrified glances. Atticus put his hands in his pockets, and as he returned to the jury, I saw his gold collar button and the tips of his pen and pencil winking in the light. "Gentlemen," he said. Jem and I again looked at each other: Atticus might have said "Scout". His voice had lost its aridity, its detachment, and he was talking to the jury as if they were folks on the post office corner. "Gentlemen," he was saying. "I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that this case is not a difficult one, it requires no minute sifting of complicated facts, but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. To begin with, this case should never have come to trial. This case is as simple as black and white. "The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has relied instead upon the testimony of two witnesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross-examination, but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant. The defendant is not guilty, but somebody in this court-room is. "I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man's life at stake, which she had done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt. "I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honoured code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance, but I cannot pity her: she is white. She knew full well the enormity of her offence, but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted in breaking it. She persisted, and her subsequent reaction is something that all of us have known at one time or another. She did something every child has done she tried to put the evidence of her offence away from her. But in this case she was no child hiding stolen contraband: she struck out at her victim of necessity she must put him away from her he must be removed from her presence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offence. "What was the evidence of her offence Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was her daily reminder of what she did. What did she do? She tempted a Negro. "She was white, and she tempted a Negro. She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man. Not an old Uncle, but a strong young Negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards. "Her father saw it, and the defendant has testified as to his remarks. What did her father do? We don't know, but there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella, Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left. We do know in part what Mr Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do under the circumstances he swore out a warrant, no doubt signing it with his left hand, and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he possesses his right hand. "And so a quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to 'feel sorry' for a white woman has had to put his word against two white people's. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand you saw them for yourselves. The witness for the state, with the exception of the sheriff of Maycomb County, have presented themselves to you, gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you, gentlemen, would go along with them on the assumption the evil assumption that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption one associates with minds of their calibre. "Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson's skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this court-room who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire." Atticus paused and took out his handkerchief. Then he took off his glasses and wiped them, and we saw another "first": we had never seen him sweat he was one of those men whose faces never perspired, but now it was shining tan. "One more thing, gentlemen, before I quit. Thomas Jefferson3 once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the Yankees4 and the distaff side5 of the Executive branch in Washington are fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use this phrase out of context, to satisfy all conditions. The most ridiculous example I can think of is that the people who run public education promote the stupid and idle along with the industrious because all men are created equal, educators will gravely tell you the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of inferiority. We know all men are not created equal in the sense some people would have us believe some people are smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they're born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of most men. "But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honourable court which you serve. Our courts have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levellers, and in our courts all men are created equal. "I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system. Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you, gentlemen, will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty." Atticus's voice had dropped, and as he turned away from the jury he said something I did not catch. He said it more to himself than to the court. I punched Jem. "What'd he say?" "In the name of God, believe him, I think that's what he said."... What happened after that had a dreamlike quality: in a dream I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers, and Judge Taylor's voice came from far away and was tiny. I saw something only a lawyer's child could be expected to see, could be expected to watch for, and it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger, but watching all the time knowing that the gun was empty. A jury never looks at a defendant it has convicted, and when this jury came in, not one of them looked at Tom Robinson. The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr Tate who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge.... I shut my eyes. Judge Taylor was polling the jury: "Guilty... guilty... guilty... guilty..." I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each "guilty" was a separate stab between them. Judge Taylor was saying something. His gavel was in his fist, but he wasn't using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus pushing papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut, went to the court reporter and said something, nodded to Mr Gilmer, and then went to Tom Robinson and whispered something to him. Atticus put his hand on Tom's shoulder as he whispered. Atticus took his coat off the back of his chair and pulled it over his shoulder. Then he left the court-room, but not by his usual exit. He must have wanted to go home the short way, because he walked quickly down the middle aisle toward the south exit. I followed the top of his head as he made his way to the door. He did not look up. Someone was punching me, but I was reluctant to take my eyes from the people below us, and from the image of Atticus's lonely walk down the aisle. "Miss Jean Louise?" I looked around. They were standing. All around us and in the balcony on the opposite wall, the Negroes were getting to their feet. Reverend Sykes's voice was as distant as Judge Taylor's: "Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing." | . - , , , , . . -... , , , ... . - ? - , - . . , , . (-) , , , : , , /. , , . / , , . [] , : - - , , , , , /, /: , , . , , , . / . , . - , - . : "". , , . - , - , - , , , : / , , / - , . , . , . ??? - / , , , () .??? / , , / . , - . , / (??? - ), / , , . "", , . , , , , , , , . , : . , , , - , , . , , . , , - . , : - , . , . . ? , . . , . ? . - - . , : . - , , . , , , . . , . ? , , , -, . , : , , . , , , , , , , , , - . , , , "" , . , , , - . , , , , , , , , , , - - , , - . , , , , , , . , : , , - . , - . , , , , . . , : , , - , , , . - , , . , ; . , , , . : , , , , . , , - : , , , , - , , . , , , - , , . , , , . , , - , , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , . , , -, . , . . - ? - -, - , . : , , , , . , , , , , , , , , - , . , . , . , , - . . : "... ... ... ". : , , "" , . - . - , . - . , , - , , - . . . , , . - , . . . - , , , , . - . . . . , : - , . . | . , . , , . . -... - , , , . . ? - ³ , - . . , /, . ³ (-) , , , : , , /. , , . / , , / . ³ [] , : - - , , , , , /, : , , ' . ³ , , , . / . , . - , - . : "". , , . - , - , - , , , , : / , , / - , . , . г , . ??? ' - / , , , () .??? / , , / . , . , / (??? ), / , , . "", , , . , , , , , , , . / , : . , / - , , . , , . , , - / , . , : - , . ³ , / . . ? , . . , . ? . - . , : . - , , . , , , . , . ? , , , / , []. , : , , , , , , , 볿, , 䳺 - . , , , "" , . , , , - . , , ' , , , , , , , , - - , , - . , , , , , , . , : , , - . , . , , , , . . , : , , - , , , . - , , . , ; . , ' ' , , - . : , , , , . , , : , , , , - , , . , , , , , . , , , . , , - , , . , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , '. , . , , , . , . . - ? - , - , . : , , , , . , , , , , , , , , - , . , . , . , , - . . : "... ... ... ". : , , "" , . . ³ , . ͳ - . , , , , . . . , , . ³ - , . . ³ . , , , , . - ̳ . . . . , : - , . . |
Commentary
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1. a jury: a body of persons, in the USA and Great Britain, 12 in number, who have to decide the truth of a case tried before a judge. The jury brings in a verdict of guilty (not guilty). The verdict is valid only if the decision of the jurors is unanimous. If not, the jury is dismissed and a new jury is made up. That procedure may be repeated several times until the jury comes to the unanimous decision.
2. Ku-Klux-Klan: a reactionary organisation, was formed by Southern planters when slavery was prohibited throughout the United States by the thirteenth (1865) amendment to the Constitution of the USA (which was ratified in 1888. More than 20 amendments have been adopted since that time. The first ten amendments are commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights). Members of the K.K.K. met in secret places. They wore white robes and white masks through which only the eyes could be seen. They lynched blacks on the slightest suspicion without any trial. The rganisationc was so ferocious and aroused such terror and indignation that it was outlawed. But every now and then traces of its activities can be seen even nowadays.
3. Thomas Jefferson: (1743-1826), third President of the USA (1801-1809), drafted the Declaration of Independence, which was adopted and proclaimed on July 4th, 1776 to the whole world that a great new nation was born after a heroic peoples' War for Independence that lasted more than six years. The former 13 English Colonies had won their independence and set up their new United States Government.
4. Yankee: originally, this term meant "a native of New England". During the Civil War, however, the Southerners used it to refer, often derisively, to inhabitants of any Northern States. Nowadays the term is used outside the US to natives of the US. In the South of the USA, it is still used (derisively) to refer to Northerners, and in New England it is still used in reference to Native New Englanders (non-derisively).
5. the distaff side: the female branch in a family as opposed to the male branch. The Executive branch is the legislative body of the government. Here, the distaff side means the women members of the US government, the more sentimental and moralistic part of the staff, who are fond of hurling the phrase "all men are created equal" in order to be brought to the notice of the public.
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
To exchange
to swap/swop (informal)
Guilt
blame; fault
To trust
to entrust
trustful
trusting
jerk, vt/i, n
twitch, vt/i, n
look here , !, .
look about 1) 2) , 3)
look down on/upon 1) , (on, upon) 2) ( )
look on 1) ( , -. )
one's own look-out 4) - , ( . . . . )
look up look up 5) -. 1) , 2) (-. ) 3) ( ) 4) ( )
to look up to smb. -.; -.; -.;
Page 53. Ex. 4. Complete the following sentences:
1. No matter who he is, he has no right to break the law.
2. No matter who told you that I had stolen the money, it is the court that has the right to establish somebody's guilt.
3. I will not allow you to treat with me in such manner, no matter who are you.
4. No matter what I do, you must fulfil your own duty.
5. No matter what it may seem, it is the court that has the right to establish somebody's guilt.
6. She tells lies, no matter how well he knows the facts.
7. No matter how fine the weather was, I had no time to go for a ride.
8. I shell do my duties, no matter what it might be.
9. No matter how hard she tried, she has not fulfilled her duties.
10. I feel nothing but headache.
11. The girl was conscious of nothing but her ability to think about complicated things.
12. They were afraid they would have nothing but they worried for nothing.
Page 53. Ex. 5. Combine the following sentences into one:
Model:
I don't care who this man is. I must tell him not to interfere. à
No matter who this man is, he mustn't interfere.
a) 1. No matter who told you about it, don't believe it. 2. No matter who may come., you must be ready to receive him. 3. No matter who of you will carry out this task, it must be done without delay. 4. She mustn't take these facts for granted (, , " ", ), no matter who might tell her about them. 5. No matter who helps her with her work, she never feels obliged.
Model:
a) I don't care how late you may come. Ring me up. à
I'll be expecting your call. No matter how late you come, ring me up.
b) She may say anything. Don't believe it. à
No matter what she says, don't believe it.
b) 1. No matter how late Andrew come, his wife will always sit up for him. 2. No matter how many things he does, he always does them thoroughly. 3. She is hard to please (). No matter what I do, she will always find fault. 4. No matter what you may suggest, it will make no difference. He will always object.
Page 53. Ex. 6. Paraphrase the following sentences. Use the speech patterns (p. 45):
1. No matter how complicated topics it was, Atticus Finch never afraid to speak with his children on them.
2. No matter who comes to see her, she is always very glad.
3. Atticus Finch said that no matter who tried to take advantage of a Negro's ignorance, he was trash.
4. No matter how little money they tried to spend, they could not save enough.
5. No matter what you may say, yet he will have his own way.
6. No matter who calls I am not at home, because I am too tired and am going to bad.
7. I am afraid nothing but the dark.
8. He did know nothing but some points which were of no importance.
9. Nothing would I like to have now but a cup of very hot strong tea.
