.
-, - . 1:1000000 ; (-) 1:1000000, 1:500000, 1: 300000 1:200000; () 1:100000, 1:50000, 1:25 000, 1: 10000. 1:5000, 1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500.
1:200, 1:100 1:50.
. . , .
. (, , ). , . - (.15). , . ro , .
. 15.
1:100000
1:50000, 1:25000 1:10000
1:1000000. 4º, 6º. , , , , . , 1:1000000, , N-37.
1:1000000. 1:1 000000 : 1:500 000, , , , ( , , N-37-A); 1:300000, ,,..., IX (, IX -N-37); 36 1:200000, (, N-37-I); 144 1:100000, 1 144 (, N-37-144).
1:100000 1: 50 000, , , , ; , , N-37-144-A. 1:50000 1: 25000, , , , , N-37-144-A-a. 1:25000 1:10000, 1, 2, 3, 4, N-37-144-A-a-l.
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.15 1:50000... 1:10000, 1:100000.
. 20 2
1:100000, 256 1:5000, 1:5000 1:2000. 1:5000 , , N-37-144(256), 1:2000 N-37-144(256-).
20 2 (.16) 1:5000 4040 , 1:2000...1:500 5050 . 1: 5000, (, 1). 1:5000 1:2000, , , , . 1:2000 1:1000, , 16 1:500, .
. 16.
1:2000, 1:1000, 1:500 2-, 3--IV, 4--16.
(. 17.) φ λ , . . .
. 17.
: 1
; 2
; 3
; 4 -
; 5 ; 6
φ = 54º58,6′ . ., λ = 37º31,0′ . .
XA YA .
∆X ∆Y X0 Y0
XA = X0 + ∆X
YA = Y0 + ∆Y.
, .
, , . .
( ) .
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, , .
. ν, , , (.18).
tg ν = h/a, (15.1)
h ; .
, .
i = tg ν. (15.2)
(), . . .
. 18.
, , (.19) .
1:1000
h =1,0
. 19. 1:1000
h = 1,0
; .
, , . ν i ( : ν = 2,5º; i = 0,05 = 5% = 50).
1. 1:1000, 20, h = 1,0. 20 ∙ 1000 = 20000 = 20. (15.1) (15.2) tg ν = i = 1:20 = 0,05. , i = 5% = 50, ν = 2,9º.
. , . (. 20) , ( ) .
d . , .. d/, h.
2. , 150 152,5 (. 20, ),
HK = H. + (d/a)h = 150 + 0,4 ∙ 2,5 = 151.
. 20. :
h = 2,5
- (.20, ) - (.20, , ), , , 0,5 h. , 138,8, - 128,8, - 126,2.
(. 21). , i .
. 21.
. , , 1...7 . , . , .
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, = h /(i ), .
. 22. :
;
. (. 22). . 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, , (3, 6, 8). . () , 10 . . , . . , ( . 22 , 100).
, . , , . .
(. 23). , , . , . , V= (1/2)(Si + Si +I) h c, Si Si +I , , ; h c ; i = 1, 2,..., k .
S ( ).
, (, ..) . V , SB h t , :
. 23.
V B = (SB / 3)∙h
t , h = hc /2. :
V = V 1 + V2 +... + Vk + V B,
k .
- .
: , .
, .
(. 24.1), :
S = S1 + S2 + S3 = (ab/2) + cd + (hf/2)
1 2
. 24.
, (. . 24.2), . . .
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, . .
.
1 4, (. 25,).
. 25. :
;
2, 5, 3. . (. 25, ) 6, 7 8. . 100 . . : , , . . 25, 3682.
. 26.
, , b. b . , .
S = P(b a)
, . , .
P = S / (b a),
S ; (b a) .
. X,Y. 1-2-3-4 (. 26)
= 1′-1-2-2′ + 2′-2-3-3′ - 1′-1-4-4′ - 4′-4-3-3′ = 0,5{(x1 + x2)(y2 y1) + (x2 + x3)(y3 y2)
(x1 + x4)(y4 y1) (x4 + x3)(y3 y4)}.
,
2 = x1(y2 y4) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y4 y2) + x4(y1 y3);
2 = y1(x4 x2) + y2(x1 x3) + y3(x2 x4) + y4(x3 x1).
.
.