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, , (Epstein & Feist, 1988). : , , , (Baumgardner & others, 1989). , , , , , (Beauregard & Dunning, 1998). , , , , (McCarrey & others, 1982). , . , : , (Wills, 1991). , , , .
. , ( , ), , (Ickes & Layden, 1978; Levine & & Uleman, 1979; Rosenfeld, 1979; Schlenker & others, 1990), (Brown & others, 1988) (Brown, 1986).
(Snyder & Higgins, 1988). , , , . , , : , .
: - , , (DePaulo & others, 1987; Kenny & Albright, 1987). ( , ), (Lewinsohn & others, 1980). , , , , : : , , .
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, , , , . , , , (. A. Anderson & others, 1983; Newman & Langer, 1981; Peterson & others, 1981). , , (Colvin & others, 1995). , . , , , (Baumeister & others, 1996). - , .
, , , , , , . , , . . (Blackburn & others, 1980; Cross, 1977), , , .
. , (Codol, 1976; Taylor & Doria, 1981; Zander, 1969). :
- , , (Biernat & others, 1996).
- 66 % , , . 64 % D (Whitman, 1996).
- 53 % , , ; 1 % (Buunk & van der Eijnden, 1997).
- (Kidd & Morgan, 1969; Larwood & Whittaker, 1977).
. , , , , , . , , , . , , (Spiegel, 1971, . 243).
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, ? ? ? . . , , , , . , , . (James Friedrich, 1996) , , , , ! , .