- .
.
( ) , , . (-, - .). () .
- (2 = = 2) (2 = C CN).
:
nCH2 = CH CH = CH2 + nCH2 = CH ( CH2 CH = CH CH2 CH2 CH )n.
ê ê
CN CN
431. . .
432. , ? . .
433. ? . .
434. , , , ? . .
435. ? . ? ?
430. , . ? .
437. . ? . .
438. ? . ? .
430. ? .
440. ? ? , ? ?
441. ? . ?
442. ? . . ?
|
|
443. ? . ? .
444. , ? .
445. , ? . , ?
446. ? . . ?
447. . .
448. ? ?
449. ? . .
450. , ? .
- - | , | |
I II | 1, 21, 41, 61, 81, 101, 121, 141, 161, 181, 201 221, 241, 261, 281, 301, 321, 341, 361, 391, 411, 431 | |
I II | 2, 22, 42, 62, 82, 102, 122, 142, 162, 182, 202 222, 242, 262, 282, 302, 322, 342, 362, 392, 412, 432 | |
I II | 3, 23, 43, 63, 83, 103, 123, 143, 163, 183, 203 223, 243, 263,303, 283, 323, 343, 363, 393, 413, 433 | |
I II | 4, 24, 44, 64, 84, 104, 124, 144, 164, 184, 204 224, 244, 264, 284, 304, 324, 344, 364, 394, 414, 434 | |
I II | 5, 25, 45, 65, 85, 105, 125, 145, 165, 185, 205 225, 245, 265, 285, 305, 325, 345, 365, 395, 415, 435 | |
I II | 6, 26, 46, 66, 86, 106, 126, 146, 166, 186, 206 226, 246, 266, 286, 306, 326, 346, 366, 396, 416, 436 | |
I II | 7, 27, 47, 67, 87, 107, 127, 147, 167, 187, 207 227, 247, 267, 287, 307, 327, 347, 367, 397, 417, 437 | |
I II | 8, 28, 48, 68, 88, 108, 128, 148, 168, 188, 208 228, 248, 268, 288, 308, 328, 348, 368, 398, 418, 438 | |
I II | 9, 29, 49, 69, 89, 109, 129, 149, 169, 189, 209 229, 249, 269, 289, 309, 329, 349, 369, 399, 419, 439 | |
I II | 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110, 130, 150, 170, 190, 210 230, 250, 270, 290, 310, 330, 350, 370, 400, 420, 440 | |
I II | 11, 31, 51, 71, 91. 111, 131, 151, 171, 191, 211 231, 251, 271, 291, 311, 331, 351, 371, 401, 421, 441 | |
I II | 12, 32, 52, 72, 92, 112, 132, 152, 172, 192, 212 232, 252, 272, 292, 312, 332, 352, 372, 402, 422, 442 | |
I II | 13, 33, 53, 73, 93, 113, 133, 153, 173, 193, 213 233, 253, 273, 293, 313, 333, 353, 373, 403, 423, 443 | |
I II | 14, 34, 54, 74, 94, 114, 134, 154, 174, 194, 214 234, 254, 274, 294, 314, 334, 354, 374, 404, 424, 444 | |
I II | 15, 35, 55, 75, 95, 115, 135, 155, 175, 195, 215 235, 255, 275, 295, 315, 335, 355, 375, 405, 425, 445 | |
I II | 16, 36, 56, 76, 96, 116, 136, 156, 176, 196, 216 236, 256, 276, 296, 316, 336, 356, 376, 406, 426, 446 | |
I II | 17, 37, 57, 77, 97, 117, 137, 157, 177, 197, 217 237, 257, 277, 297, 317, 337, 357, 377, 407, 427, 447 | |
I II | 18, 38, 58, 78, 98, 118, 138, 158, 178, 198, 218 238, 258, 278, 298, 318, 338, 358, 378, 408, 428, 448 | |
I II | 19, 39, 59, 79, 99, 119, 139, 159, 179, 199, 219 239, 259, 279,, 299, 319, 339, 359, 379, 409, 429, 449 | |
I II | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 410, 430, 450 | |
I II | 1, 22, 43, 64, 85, 106, 127, 148, 169, 190, 211 222, 234, 264, 285, 306, 327, 348, 381, 391, 412, 433 | |
I II | 2, 23, 44, 65, 86, 107, 128, 149, 170, 191, 212 223, 244, 265, 286, 307, 328, 349, 382, 392, 413, 434 | |
I II | 3, 24, 45, 66, 87, 108, 129, 150, 171, 192, 213 224, 245, 266, 287, 308, 329, 350, 383, 393, 414, 435 | |
I II | 4, 25, 46, 67, 88, 109, 130, 151, 172, 193, 214 225, 246, 267, 288, 309, 330, 351, 384, 394, 415, 436 | |
I II | 5, 26, 47, 68, 89, 110, 131, 152, 173, 194, 215 226, 247, 268, 289, 310, 331, 352, 385, 395, 416, 437 | |
I II | 6, 27, 48, 69, 90, 111, 132, 153, 174, 195, 216 227, 248, 269, 290, 311, 332, 353, 386, 396, 417, 438 | |
I II | 7, 28, 49, 70, 91, 112, 133, 154, 175, 196, 217 288, 249, 270, 291, 312, 333, 354, 387, 397, 418, 439 | |
I II | 8, 29, 50, 71, 92, 113, 134, 155, 176, 197, 218 229, 250, 271, 292, 313, 334, 355, 388, 398, 419, 440 | |
I II | 9, 30, 51, 72, 93, 114, 135, 156, 177, 198, 219 230, 251, 272, 293, 314, 335, 356, 389, 399, 420, 441 | |
I II | 10, 31, 52, 73, 94, 115, 136, 157, 178, 199, 220 231, 252, 273, 294, 315, 336, 357, 390, 400, 421, 442 | |
I II | 11, 32, 53, 74, 95, 116, 137, 158, 179, 200, 201 232, 253, 274, 295, 316, 337, 358, 361, 401, 422, 443 | |
I II | 12, 33, 54, 75, 96, 117, 138, 159, 180, 181, 202 233, 254, 275, 296, 317, 338, 359, 362, 402, 423, 444 | |
I II | 13, 34, 55, 76, 97, 118, 139, 160, 161, 182, 203 234, 255, 276, 297, 318, 339, 360, 363, 403, 424, 445 | |
I II | 14, 35, 56, 77, 98, 119, 140, 141, 162, 183, 204 235, 256, 277, 298, 319, 340, 347, 364, 404, 425, 446 | |
I II | 15, 36, 57, 78, 99, 120, 121, 142, 163, 184, 205 236, 257, 278, 299, 320, 322, 346, 365, 405, 426, 447 | |
I II | 16, 37, 58, 79, 100, 101, 122, 143, 164, 185, 206 237, 258, 279, 300, 301, 323, 345, 366, 406, 427, 448 | |
I II | 17, 38, 59, 80, 81, 102, 123, 144, 165, 186, 207 238, 259, 280, 181, 302, 324, 344, 367, 407, 428, 449 | |
I II | 18, 39, 60, 65, 86, 107, 128, 145, 166, 187, 208 239, 260, 261, 282, 303, 325, 343, 368, 408, 429, 450 | |
I II | 19, 40, 44, 66, 87, 108, 129, 146, 167, 188, 209 240, 241, 262, 283, 304, 326, 342, 369, 409, 430, 432 | |
I II | 20, 23, 45, 67, 88, 109, 130, 147, 168, 189, 210 221, 242, 263, 284, 305, 327, 341, 370, 410, 411, 431 | |
I II | 2, 24, 46, 68, 89, 110, 131, 148, 170, 190, 201 223, 241, 265, 281, 306, 328, 341, 371, 391, 411, 431 | |
I II | 3, 25, 47, 69, 90, 111, 132, 149, 171, 191, 202 224, 242, 266, 282, 307, 329, 342, 372, 392, 412, 432 | |
I II | 4, 26, 48, 70, 91, 112, 133, 150, 172, 192, 203 225, 243, 267, 283, 308, 330, 343, 373, 393, 413, 433 | |
I II | 5, 27, 49, 71, 92, 113, 134, 151, 173, 193, 204 226, 244, 268, 284, 309, 331, 344, 374, 394, 414, 434 | |
I II | 6, 28, 50, 72, 93, 114, 135, 152, 174, 194, 205 227, 245, 269, 285,310, 332, 345, 375, 395, 415, 435 | |
I II | 7, 29, 51, 73, 94, 115, 136, 153, 175, 195, 206 228, 246, 270, 286, 311, 333, 346, 376, 396, 416, 436 | |
I II | 8, 30, 52, 74, 95, 116, 137, 154, 176, 196, 207 229, 247, 271, 287, 312, 334, 347, 377, 397, 417, 437 | |
I II | 9, 31, 53, 75, 96, 117, 138, 155, 177, 197, 208 230, 248, 272, 288, 313, 335, 348, 378, 398, 418, 438 | |
I II | 10, 32, 54, 76, 97, 118, 139, 156, 178, 198, 209 231, 249, 273, 289, 314, 336, 349, 379, 399, 419, 439 | |
I II | 11, 33, 55, 77, 98, 119, 140, 157, 179, 199, 210 232, 250, 274, 290, 315, 337, 350, 380, 400, 420, 440 | |
I II | 12, 34, 56, 78, 99, 120, 122, 158, 180, 200, 211 233, 251, 275, 291, 316, 321, 351, 281, 401, 411, 433 | |
I II | 13, 35, 57, 79, 100, 103, 121, 159, 169, 182, 212 234, 252, 276, 292, 317, 325, 352, 382, 402, 412, 432 | |
I II | 14, 36, 58, 80, 85, 104, 123, 160, 161, 183, 213 235, 253, 277, 293, 318, 324, 353, 383, 403, 413, 431 | |
I II | 15, 37, 59, 61, 84, 105, 124, 141, 162, 184, 214 236, 254, 278, 294, 319, 323, 354, 384, 404, 414, 434 | |
I II | 16, 38, 60, 62, 183, 106, 125, 143, 163, 185, 215 237, 255, 279, 295, 320, 322, 255, 385, 405, 415, 435 | |
I II | 17, 33, 41, 63, 82, 101, 126, 142, 164, 186, 216 238, 256, 280, 296, 301, 321, 356, 386, 406, 416, 436 | |
I II | 18, 40, 42, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165, 187, 217 239, 257, 271, 297, 302, 326, 357, 387, 407, 417, 437 | |
I II | 19, 21, 43, 62, 87, 103, 128, 145, 166, 188, 218 240, 258, 272, 298, 303, 327, 358, 388, 408, 418, 438 | |
I II | 20, 22, 41, 63, 88, 104, 129, 146, 167, 189, 219 223, 259, 273, 299, 304, 328, 359, 389, 409, 419, 433 | |
I II | 1, 24, 42, 64, 89, 105, 130, 147, 168, 190, 220 222, 260, 274, 300, 305, 329, 260, 390, 410, 420, 440 | |
I II | 3, 25, 43, 65, 90, 106, 131, 148, 169, 191, 201 221, 250, 275, 281, 301, 330, 341, 361, 392, 421, 441 | |
I II | 4, 26, 44, 66, 91, 107, 132, 149, 170, 192, 202, 222, 251, 276, 282, 302, 331, 342, 362, 393, 422, 442 | |
I II | 5, 27, 45, 67, 92, 108, 133, 150, 171, 193, 203, 224, 252, 277, 283, 303, 332, 343, 363, 394, 423, 443 | |
I II | 6, 28, 46, 68, 93, 109, 134, 151, 172, 194, 204 223, 253, 278, 284, 304, 333, 344, 364, 395, 424, 444 | |
I II | 7, 29, 47, 69, 94, 110, 135, 152, 173, 195, 205 225, 254, 279, 285, 305, 334, 345, 365, 396, 425, 445 | |
I II | 8, 30, 48, 70, 95, 111, 136, 153, 174, 196, 206 226, 255, 280, 286, 306, 335, 346, 366, 397, 426, 446 | |
I II | 9, 31, 49, 71, 96, 112, 137, 154, 175, 197, 207 227, 256, 261, 287, 307, 336, 347, 367, 398, 427, 446 | |
I II | 10, 32, 50, 72, 97, 113, 138, 155, 176, 198, 208 228, 257, 262, 288, 308, 337, 348, 368, 399, 428, 447 | |
I II | 11, 33, 51, 73, 98, 114, 139, 156, 177, 199, 209 229, 258, 263, 289, 309, 338, 349, 369, 400, 429, 448 | |
I II | 12, 34, 52, 74, 99, 115, 140, 157, 178, 200, 210 230, 259, 264, 290, 310, 339, 350, 370, 291, 430, 449 | |
I II | 13, 35, 53, 75, 100, 116, 121, 158, 179, 181, 211 231, 260, 265, 291, 311, 340, 351, 371, 404, 411, 450 | |
I II | 14, 36, 54, 76, 86, 117, 122, 159, 180, 182, 212 232, 241, 266, 292, 312, 321, 352, 372, 401, 412, 431 | |
I II | 15, 37, 55, 77, 85, 118, 123, 160, 162, 183, 213 233, 242, 267, 293, 313, 322, 353, 373, 402, 413, 432 | |
I II | 16, 38, 56, 78, 84, 119, 124, 142, 161, 184, 214 234, 243, 268, 294, 314, 323, 354, 374, 403, 414, 433 | |
I II | 17, 39, 57, 79, 83, 120, 125, 141, 163, 185, 215 235, 144, 269, 295, 315, 324, 355, 375, 406, 415, 434 | |
I II | 18, 40, 58, 80, 82, 101, 126, 143, 164, 186, 216 236, 245, 270, 296, 316, 325, 356, 376, 407, 416, 435 | |
I II | 19, 23, 59, 61, 81, 102, 127, 144, 165, 187, 217 237, 246, 271, 297, 317, 326, 357, 377, 408, 417, 436 | |
I II | 20, 21, 60, 62, 100, 103, 128, 145, 166, 188, 218 238, 247, 272, 298, 318, 327, 358, 378, 409, 418, 437 | |
I II | 4, 22, 51, 63, 99, 104, 129, 146, 167, 189, 219 239, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328, 359, 379, 410, 419, 438 | |
I II | 5, 23, 52, 64, 98, 105, 130, 147, 168, 190, 220 240, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329, 360, 380, 391, 420, 439 | |
I II | 6, 24, 53, 65, 97, 106, 131, 148, 169, 191, 211 231, 250, 275, 282, 301, 330, 351, 381, 392, 421, 440 | |
I II | 7, 25, 54, 66, 96, 107, 132, 149, 170, 192, 212 232, 251, 276, 283, 302, 334, 352, 382, 393, 422, 441 | |
I II | 8, 26, 55, 67, 95, 108, 133, 150, 171, 193, 213 233, 252, 277, 284, 303, 335, 353, 383, 394, 423, 442 | |
I II | 9, 27, 56, 68, 94, 109, 134, 151, 172, 194, 214 234, 253, 278, 285, 304, 336, 354, 384, 395, 424, 443 | |
I II | 10, 28, 56, 69, 93, 110, 135, 152, 173, 195, 215 235, 254, 279, 286, 305, 337, 355, 385, 396, 425, 444 | |
I II | 11, 29, 58, 70, 92, 111, 136, 153, 174, 196, 216 236, 255, 280, 287, 306, 338, 356, 386, 397, 426, 446 | |
I II | 12, 30, 59, 71, 91, 112, 137, 154, 175, 197, 217 237, 256, 264, 288, 307, 339, 357, 387, 398, 427, 445 | |
I II | 13, 31, 60, 72, 90, 113, 138, 155, 176, 198, 218 238, 257, 265, 289, 308, 340, 358, 388, 399, 428, 447 | |
I II | 14, 32, 41, 73, 89, 114, 139, 156, 177, 199, 219 239, 258, 266, 290, 309, 331, 359, 389, 400, 429, 448 | |
I II | 15, 33, 42, 74, 88, 115, 140, 157, 178, 200, 220 240, 259, 267, 291, 310, 332, 360, 390, 401, 430, 449 | |
I II | 16, 34, 43, 75, 87, 116, 131, 158, 179, 181, 201, 221, 260, 268, 292, 311, 333, 341, 365, 402, 416, 450 | |
I II | 17, 35, 44, 76, 86, 117, 132, 159, 180, 182, 202 222, 241, 269, 293, 312, 321, 342, 367, 403, 417, 431 | |
I II | 18, 36, 45, 77, 85, 118, 133, 160, 161, 183, 203 223, 242, 270, 294, 313, 322, 343, 369, 404, 418, 432 | |
I II | 19, 37, 46, 78, 84, 119, 134, 141, 162, 184, 204 224, 243, 261, 295, 314, 323, 344, 371, 405, 419, 433 | |
I II | 20, 38, 47, 79, 83, 120, 135, 142, 163, 185, 205 225, 244, 262, 296, 315, 324, 345, 375, 406, 420, 434 | |
I II | 1, 39, 48, 80, 82, 110, 136, 143, 164, 186, 206 226, 245, 263, 297, 316, 325, 346, 377, 407, 421, 435 | |
I II | 2, 40, 49, 61, 81, 111, 137, 144, 165, 187, 207 227, 246, 271, 298, 317, 326, 347, 380, 408, 422, 436 | |
I II | 3, 24, 50, 62, 100, 112, 138, 145, 166, 188, 208 228, 247, 272, 299, 318, 327, 348, 383, 409, 423, 437 | |
I II | 4, 25, 51, 63, 99, 113, 139, 146, 167, 189, 209 229, 248, 273, 300, 319, 328, 349, 384, 410, 424, 438 | |
I II | 5, 26, 52, 64, 98, 114, 140, 147, 168, 190, 210 230, 249, 274, 281, 320, 329, 350, 385, 391, 425, 450 |
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()
D0 298
- | D0 298, / | - | D0 298, / | ||
CS2 NO C6H8 C2H4 H2S NH3 CH4 C2H6 HCl CO | 115,28 +90,37 +82,93 +52,28 20,15 46,19 74,85 84,67 92,31 110,52 | CH3OH C2H5OH H2O H2O NH4Cl CO2 Fe2O3 Ca(OH)2 Al2O3 | 201,17 235,31 241,83 285,84 315,39 393,51 822,10 986,50 1669,8 |
S0 298
- | S0 298, /( × ) | - | S0 298, /( × ) | ||
C S FeO H2O NH4Cl CH3OH H2 Fe3O4 CH4 HCl H2O N2 | . | 2,44 5,69 31,9 54,0 69,94 94,50 126,8 130,59 146,40 186,19 186,68 188,72 191,49 | NH3 CO C2H2 O2 H2S NO CO2 C2H4 Cl2 NO2 PCl3 PCl5 | 192,50 197,91 200,82 205,03 205,64 210,20 213,65 219,45 222,95 240,16 311,66 352,71 |
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|
DG0 298
- | DG0 298, / | - | DG0 298, / | ||
BaCO3 CaCO3 Fe3O4 BeCO3 CaO BeO BaO CO2 | 1138,80 1228,75 1014,20 944,75 604,20 581,61 528,40 394,38 | FeO H2O H2O CO CH4 NO2 NO C2H2 | 244,30 237,19 228,59 137,27 50,79 +51,84 +86,69 +209,20 |
HNO2 | = 4,0 × 104 | |
H2O2 | K1 = 2,6×1012; 2 = 2,0×1025 | |
H2SiO3 | 1 = 2,2×1010; 2 = 1,0×1012 | |
H2SO3 | 1 = 1,6×102; 2 = 6,3×102 | |
H2S | 1 = 6,0×102; 2 = 1,0×1014 | |
H3PO4 | 1 = 7,5×103; 2 = 6,3×108; 3 = 1,3×1012 | |
H2CO3 | 1 = 4,5×107; 2 = 4,7×1011 | |
CH3COOH | = 1,8×105 | |
HF | = 6,6×104 | |
( ) | HCN | = 7,8×1010 |
NH4OH | = 1,8×105 |
- | ||||||||||||
Cl | Br | J | NO3 | CH3COO | S2 | SO32 | SO42 | CO32 | SiO32 | PO43 | OH | |
Li+ | ||||||||||||
Na+, | ||||||||||||
K+ | ||||||||||||
NH4+ | ||||||||||||
Cu2+ | ||||||||||||
Ag+ | ||||||||||||
Mg2+ | ||||||||||||
2+ | ||||||||||||
Sr+ | ||||||||||||
Ba2+ | ||||||||||||
Zn2+ | ||||||||||||
Hg2+ | ||||||||||||
Al3+ | ||||||||||||
Sn2+ | ||||||||||||
Pb2+ | ||||||||||||
Bi3+ | ||||||||||||
Cr3+ | ||||||||||||
Mn2+ | ||||||||||||
Fe3+ | ||||||||||||
Fe2+ |
( ; ;
; , )
0, | ||
Li+/Li | Li+ + = Li | 3,045 |
K+/K | K+ + = K | 2,925 |
Rb+/Rb | Rb+ + =Rb | 2,925 |
Cs+/Cs | Cs+ + =Cs | 2,923 |
Ba2+/Ba | Ba2+ + 2 =Ba | 2,906 |
Ca2+/Ca | Ca2+ + 2 =Ca | 2,866 |
Na+/Na | Na+ + =Na | 2,714 |
Mg2+/Mg | Mg2+ + 2 =Mg | 2,363 |
Be2+/Be | Be2++ 2 =Be | 1,847 |
Al3+/Al | Al3+ + 3 =Al | 1,662 |
Mn2+/Mn | Mn2+ + 2 =Mn | 1,179 |
Zn2+/Zn | Zn2+ + 2 =Zn | 0,763 |
Cr3+/Cr | Cr3+ + 3 =Cr | 0,744 |
Fe2+/Fe | Fe2+ + 2 =Fe | 0,440 |
Cd2+/Cd | Cd2+ + 2 =Cd | 0,403 |
Co2+/Co | Co2+ + 2 =Co | 0,277 |
Ni2+/Ni | Ni2+ + 2 =Ni | 0,250 |
Sn2+/Sn | Sn2+ + 2 =Sn | 0,136 |
Pb2+/Pb | Pb2+ + 2 =Pb | 0,126 |
2H+/H2 | 2H+ + 2 =H2 | 0,000 |
Cu2+/Cu | Cu2+ + 2 =Cu | +0,337 |
Ag+/Ag | Ag+ + =Ag | +0,799 |
Hg2+/Hg | Hg2+ + 2 =Hg | +0,854 |
Pd2+/Pd | Pd2+ + 2 =Pd | +0,987 |
Pt2+/Pt | Pt2+ + 2 =Pt | +1,190 |
Au3+/Au | Au3+ + 3 =Au | +1,498 |
. 4
.. 6
1. 6
. . . 6
. 10
. . . 14
. 18
( ) 22
. 26
. 30
. 37
. 40
- () . 44
. 48
2. 50
- . 50
.. 58
. 63
. 66
. 71
s-.. 76
. 85
- (...ns2np16) 89
d- (...(n l)d1-10ns0-2) 95
. .. 104
. 115