() , . () , . , , :
, (4.1)
Ox/Red , 1 (a Ox= a Red=1), B; R , R = 8.314 ×1; T , ; F , F = 96487 ×(×)1; n , ( +) ( ); a Ox, a Red , , ×1. , 1 ().
(4.1) R F , , 298 (25 ) , :
(4.2)
[Ox], [Red] , ×1; f Ox, f Red , .
, , , , 103 ×1, .
,
, , , , . . , (Ag, Pb, Cu, Cd). () , , :
:
.
.
, . , , -, Cl:
,
AgCl.
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(AgCl/Ag,Cl, AgBr/Ag,Br, Ag2S/Ag,S2, Hg2Cl2/Hg,Cl, HgO/Hg,OH) .
(Pt, Au), , () , - , , .
() . , , . , , , , 10% Li2O, 10% CaO 80% SiO2.
, . . ( ) : , , .
(. 4.2 a) (1), , (2), . (3), . (4), , KCl AgCl. (5), , - . ( ) 201 1 .
4.2 () () .
(Pt|Hg|Hg2Cl2|Cl) (. 4.2 ) , , . - , :
,
:
.
, Hg22+ - :
.
:
.
-. KCl; 0.2412 25 .
. 80 ; . , , .
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