, t F, , . , , . , . . . . , . , , . () . . , , , . , , , , . ., - , : , () , t , (W), H - () , U - -, , , r t - .
. , ,
. .
(statistical significance)
. , . . . .
, - . 5% ( ) . < 0,05 < 0,01, , , . 100 , 5 ( 1 ). . . , .
.
.
(statistical inference)
( , ) . . . . , . . . . , , , .
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|
, . . , , , , . , , - . , . . ., . . .
. . (H 0): , ( , ) . , , ( ) .
, . (, z, t, F ), - . () , , : . , ( , ) , 5% ( < 0,05).
. . , : I , , II , . ., .
.
. .
(job status)
, - , . . . . , , ) , ; ) ; ) . . , , - - , , , .
. . , , - , . , - . , , .
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. ,
.
(therapies for institutionalized elderly psychiatric patients)
. . . . : 19491958 ., ; 1959 1968 ., 1969 . . , .
. () , , , , , . . . . , , , , , , , .
. , . , ( 72 ) , , , , .
. . 1975 . Drugs and therapeutics bulletin ( ) , . , .
. , , . . .
. , , . . , - , 10% - , : ) ; ) , . , ... , . .
. . , , , , , , .
|
|
. . . 120 . , , , .
(reality orientation, RO). RO. , ..., .
. , . . , , . .
, , . . , , .
, 5% 65 , , .
. . , - , , , - . 900 44% , 20% , 18% 18% .
. , . . , , , - .
. . , , . . . (social-learning program), : , , , , .
. , - , . . . . . : , .
|
|
. , , 560 000 1955 . 250 000 1973 ., . , , , . , , , , . 1155 . . , 80% () , 43% 21% .
.
. .
(doctor of psychology degree)
. . . , . , , - . . ., . , . . . . . , . . . , , , - . , . ., . , ., , . . , .
. . . 1925 . , . , . , (M.D.), (D.D.S.) . . , 40 . . . .
1949 . , , - , , , . , , ., , , . - .
1960- . . , - . , , , , - . () . , . . . (Psy.D).
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|
. , , , . , . . . -. - . . . , 1980 . 1990- . 40 . -, , .
. : , ,
. .
(stereotyping)
. , , , - . . .
, (stereotype) (meaning), , . , ., . , , . . . . .-. , ., . , , , - , . , (working stereotypes), , , .
, , - . . , . , .
. , , , . . , , . .
. , ,
. .
(leadership styles)
. . , 1939 ., . 1940- . , - . 1950- 1960- . . . / .
. 1950- . . 1960- , , . . . 1960- . , - , - . . . , - , . . .
. , , (democratic leaders) (authoritarian leaders), , () (laissez-faire), . : . , . . , , . (production-oriented) (employee-oriented) (dimension). . . , - . . . , ., - , .
, ., . , : (task behavior emphasis) (relationship behavior emphasis). . , 19 . 4- ., .
. , , , . , , , . , . . , - .
, , . . . , . .
. . . - . -, , - .
. . . . ., , : . , , . , . , . , , , . . , - , . , , , .
, / (task / environment characteristics), , , (subordinate characteristics), . , .
, , : , - . , , , , , - . , , - , , .